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Bio 224 > Coordinatoin & Regulation Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Coordinatoin & Regulation Nervous Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organs systems must be

A

coordinates within an animal and with the enviroment

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2
Q

two majot systems

A

nervous system (faster) and endocrine system (slower)

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3
Q

nervous system

A

in all animals except sponges
very rapid coordination
three major roles

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4
Q

three major roles of nervous systems

A

collects info - from internal and external enviroment, using modified neurons (detection aspect)
process and integrate information - adding info together - evaluates based on past experience or genetics
transmit information - coordinates/regulates effect organ/cells - send info somewhere - to output

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5
Q

sensory process

A

sensory receptor (eye) - sensory input (afferent) - information INTO nervous system - integration of sum of inputs (cns) - motor input (efferent + pns) - effector cells

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6
Q

neurons

A

cells of the nervous system
generate bioelectric signals
there used to transmit information

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7
Q

glial cells

A

support cells
assist neuronal signaling
produce cerebrospinal fluid
maintain enviroment around neurons
provide nutrients to those nurons
more than neurons

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8
Q

motor neuron structure

A

dendrites - cell body - axon + myelin - axon terminals

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9
Q

sensory neuron structure

A

dendrites - axon - cell body - axon (myelin) - axon terminals

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10
Q

interneuron structure

A

dendrites - cell body - axon no myelin - axon terminal - no branching

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11
Q

neuron

A

individual cell

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12
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of axons - no cell bodies

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13
Q

acon

A

a nerve fiber

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14
Q

synapse

A

connection between axon terminal and effector cell

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15
Q

effector

A

can be a neuron, muscle, any other cell`

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16
Q

bioelectricity

A

electrical activity in a biological species

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17
Q

potential

A

difference in electrical charge between regions - measures in volts or millivolts - if it’s the same charge on both then potential is 0

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18
Q

current

A

flow of electrical charge between regions

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19
Q

membrane potential

A

unequal charge distribution across a cell membrane - relative to the inside

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20
Q

biological cell membrane potential

A

negative on inside relative to outside
size of MP -10 to -90 mV

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21
Q

neurons + muscle cells for MP

A
  • large membrane potentials
  • special mechanisms to regulate membrane potentials and currents
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22
Q

3 type of membrane potentials

A

resting membrane potential
electrotonic potentials
action potentials
- depends on inorganic ions

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23
Q

resting membrane potential

A

measured when neuron is inactive
-70mV in neurons and muscle cells
due to inequal distribution of ions across membrane
sodium and pottasium

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24
Q

extracellular fluids always have

A

high sodium concentration and higher than pottasium in intracellular fliud
low pottasium

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25
Q

intracellular fluid

A

high potassium concentration
low potassium concentration

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26
Q

sodium potassium ATPase

A

ion gradient pump
found in all cells
moves 3 sodium and 2 potassium in
electrogenic pump - different ion concentration
generates a 10mV potential r
uses ATP since it is going againgradient

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27
Q

resting membrane potentials

A

measured when cell is inactive
above -70mV
electrogenic -10
aminion proteins -10
passive diffusion -55

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28
Q

amnionic proteins

A

proteins with negative charge + cannot leave membrane
-5mV

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29
Q

open K channel

A

leak channel
always open
multiple in one cell
passive diffucion across chemical gradient
end location will be positive

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30
Q

membrane ion channels

A
  • very specific for ion
  • some leak channels some regulated
    neurons - voltage gated
  • ion movement depends on the concentration gradient
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31
Q

membrane physiology during RMP

A

sodium pottasium ATPase + potassium leak channel

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32
Q

RMP sodium concentration

A

15 inside
150 outside

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33
Q

RMP potassium concentration

A

150 inside
5 outside

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34
Q

RMP chloride concentration

A

7 inside
110 outside

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35
Q

RMP A-

A

110 inside
0 outside

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36
Q

cell is polarized

A

negative inside less positive

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37
Q

excitable

A

membrane potential can change - neurons and muscle fibers

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38
Q

depolarized

A

less negative inside more positive

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39
Q

at rmp

A

neuron is metabolically active but not chemical

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40
Q

electrotonic potentials

A

small change in memebrane potentials - around 10 mV

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41
Q

action potentials

A

large and rapid changes in membrane potentials - nerve impulse

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42
Q

electrotonic potentials

A

current (ions) travel along the surface - a few microns along the membrane
small
can depolarize or hyperpolarize
only travel a short distance along membrane

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43
Q

what does electrotonic potentials can be used for

A

used to initiate an AP in axon hilloack
also to conduct AP along axon

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44
Q

action potentials

A

initiated at axon hillock region
found only in axons
spike initiation (short + quick)
carries the signal from axon hillock to terminals
gets a signal from the cell body to the tip of the axon

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45
Q

special features of AP

A
  • depolarizes membrane (from -70 to +35) cell is polarized
  • are all or nothing but transient
  • once started conducted along entire axon
  • rely on ion current through membrane via voltage ion channels
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46
Q

which channels does action potential rely on

A

voltage-gates potassium and sodium channels

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47
Q

voltage sodium gate role in action potential

A

some of them are open before threshold
all of them open after threshold
depolarizes cell - makes inside less negatives
at around 50mV sodium gates get closed and inactivates

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47
Q

potassium voltage gate in action potential

A

starts at +50
makes inside of cell negative (repolarization) all the way to -80
hyperpolzarization to to -70 which is RMP

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47
Q

threshold

A

voltage at which AP is initiated

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48
Q

potassium channel

A

does not inactivate - only closes

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49
Q

refractory period

A

membrane potential starts arriving at RMP - cannot generate AP

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50
Q

hodgkin huxley cycle

A

initial depolarization -> opening of Nav channels increases permeability -> increased Na+ flow -> further membrane depolarization (opens more sodium channels( and repeat

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51
Q

AP rise phase is an example of

A

positive feedback

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52
Q

AP only occurs if

A

you depolarize and open the sodium channels

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53
Q

why is AP important

A

conduction

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54
Q

AP initiated in the

A

axon hilloack/ spike initiating sone

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55
Q

why does the AP start in the axon hillock

A

large number of sodium channels which then creates a high depolarization

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56
Q

does voltage change in an AP

A

AP creates an unchanged axon membrane to terminals in which the voltage doesn’t change and only move forward

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57
Q

inter-vertebrate axon

A

unmyelinated

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58
Q

how does an AP move through an unmyelinated axon

A
  • moves in waves
  • started at the axon hillock where the threshold is lower and the sodium channels are high
  • once it reaches the peak, the AP moves to the next inactive area and depolarization spreads and makes the MP reach the potential and so on and so forth
  • previous section of axon becomes inactive so charge cannot move back
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59
Q

can you have multiple APs

A

yes

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60
Q

spiking frequency

A

number of AP sent through per second (neural code for carrying info)

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61
Q

measure of AP speed

A

larger diameter = AP goes faster

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62
Q

relative speed of invertebrate AP

A

up to 40m/s

63
Q

purpose of myelin

A

no voltage gated channels which prevents curremt loss and makes the AP go faster

64
Q

what are at the nodes of ravier

A

potassiuma and sodium

65
Q

How does AP conduct information through myelinated acon

A

instead of waves it jumps (salatory)
sodium passes through notes hwen unmylelinated
then jumps during myelinated
depolarization passes between nodes

66
Q

average speed of AP vertebrates

A

up to 100m/s

67
Q

breakdown of myelin

A

AP cannot conduct fast enough = disease

68
Q

why might vertebrates require higher action potential conduction velocities?

A
69
Q

two types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

70
Q

synapse

A

space from one neuron to another

71
Q

electrical synapses

A

actual ions flow from one cell to another
occurs via gap junctions
only excicatory
direct transmission

72
Q

example of electrical synapses

A

cardiac muscle cells + neurons in a few invertebrate animals

73
Q

chemical synapses

A

another molecule carries signal - neurotransmitters from presynaptic cell

74
Q

chemical synapse examples

A

majority of neurons

75
Q

electrical synapses characteristics

A

gap junctions directly connect cytoplasm of each cell
ions flow between cells
rapid flow of current
escape responses
excitatory

76
Q

chemical synapses charactertistics

A

slower, complicated, versatile
no gap junctions
pre and post neurons seperated by synaptic cleft

77
Q

chemical synapse process

A

AP causes Ca+ to come out in the axon terminal and accomplish high threshold
calcium takes neurotransmitters out of vesicle and pushes across cleft and into receptors
neurotransmitter binds to receptors and channels open
depolarization or hyperpolzarixation occurs

78
Q

depolarization

A

excitatory

79
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inhibitory

80
Q

acetylcholine CNS

A

stimulates brain, memory, motor control

81
Q

acetocholine PNS

A

stimulates skeletal muscle and neuromuscular joins, inhibits cardiac muscles and promotes digestion

82
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, seratonin, histamine

83
Q

biogenic amines CNS

A

Regulates mood attention learning

84
Q

boigenic amines

A

stimulates cardian muscles, improve lung function and help respond to stress

85
Q

excitatory amino acids

A

glutamate and asparte

86
Q

inhibitory amino acids

A

GABA and glycine

87
Q

amino acids CNS

A

mediators of activity in CNS - the major on and off signals of the cns

88
Q

neuropeptides

A

opate peptides: endorphin, enkephalin
oxytocin

89
Q

neuropeptides CNS

A

modulate postsynaptic cell response to neurotransmitters, play a role in mood behaviour appetite pain perception

90
Q

gases

A

nutric oxide and carbon monoxide

91
Q

gases CNS

A

possible role in memory and odor sensation

92
Q

gases PNS

A

relaxes smooth muscle especially in blood vessels

93
Q

two receptors for acetylcholine

A

nicotinic + musarinic

94
Q

acetylcholine + nicotonic recept

A

stimulates skeletal muscle contraction
ligate lined

95
Q

acetycholine + muscarinic receptor

A

inhibits cardiac muscle contraction

96
Q

two classes of receptor proteins

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

97
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

form channel for ions to pass
ligane gated
skeletal muscle
post synaptic response depends on ion current

98
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

cardian muscle
doesnt create channels
triggers metabolic processes within the cell

99
Q

example of ionotropic receptors - sodium channel

A

the nicotinic receptor is a sodium channel
acetylcholine goes in and sodium is gonna flow in
is stimulated by depolarization
ligate lined

100
Q

example of ionotropic receptors - GABA receptor

A

ligand gated
is a chloride channel
GABA inhibits by hyperpolarization

101
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

influence post synaptic cell indriectly
acts via an intracellular signal
complex cell biochemistry
activates biochemical metabolism

102
Q

targets of metabotropic receptors

A

enzyme, structural protein, gene protein

103
Q

what happens after neurotransmission

A

causes an EP in the dendrites - might get to cell bodies and axon hillock

104
Q

Post synaptic potential

A

the electrotonic potential created after neurotransmission

105
Q

at the hillock the PSP will

A

either depolarize or hyperpolarize

106
Q

Na channel PSP

A

will let sodium flow inward
causes a depolarizing or excitatory PEP - EPSP

107
Q

K channel PSP

A

will let K flow outward
causes a hyperpolarize or inhibitory PSP (ipsp)

108
Q

Cl channel PSP

A

will let Cl flow inward
causes a hyperpolarize or inhibitory PSP - IPSP

109
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are…

A

graded potentials
size of PSPs depend on amount of neurotransmitter released
if AP right after one another - more calcium = more neurotransmitter

110
Q

how many inputs are recieved by a postsynaptic neuron

A

around 1000

111
Q

summation of subthrshold PSPs

A

occurs at axon hillock
result if we activate one ore more inpiuts
one input = around 2-10mV
multilpe might join together to reach threshold
for learning, memory, classical conditioning

112
Q

sponges

A

no neurons but still have basic cell physiology

113
Q

ganglia

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies = sites of intergratino

114
Q

cephalization

A

concentration of neurons/ganglia in a head region

115
Q

cnidarian nervous system

A

nerve nets

116
Q

echinoderm nervous system

A

nerve ring + radial nerves

117
Q

planarian nervous system

A

eyespot + ganglia (cephalization) + longitudinal nerve cords - protostomes and bilaterally symmetrical

118
Q

arthopod nervous system

A

dorsal and ventral ganglia

119
Q

mollusc nervous system

A

ganglia - optic love - lobed brain - frontal lobe

120
Q

vertebrate nervous system

A

brain - spinal cord - sensory ganglia

121
Q

nervous system evolution in chordates

A
  • brain regions conserved and modified
  • cerebrum - gets larger as processing goes up
  • olfactory bulb - varies in size
  • regions become larger based on function
  • folding increases surface area
122
Q

forebrain of 4 week embryo equivalence

A

5 week - telencephalon + diencephalon
adult - telence phalon + thalamus/hypothalamus

123
Q

midbrain of 4 week embryo equal

A

5 week - mesencephalon
adult - midbrain

124
Q

hind brain in 4 week embryo equivalence

A

5 week - metencephalon + myelencephalon
adult - cerebellum, pons; meddula oblongata

125
Q

telencephalon (cerebrum)

A

higher functions such as thought, action, communication

126
Q

thalamus

A

recieves sensory input and relays it to regions of the cerebral cortex

127
Q

hypothalamus

A

centre for homeostatic control of internal enviroment

128
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates involuntary reactions and relays signals to cerebrum

129
Q

cerebellum

A

interpretes signals for muscle movement

130
Q

pons

A

centre for information flow between cerebellum and cerebrum

131
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls many involuntary tasks

132
Q

Connection of CNS + PNS

A

Sensory receptors - afferent system - brain and spinal cord - efferent system - either somatic (skeletal muscles) - autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic - goes to smooth muscles/glands

133
Q

most tissues…

A

are innervated by both divisions
balance of which is more active

134
Q

difference between ganglia neurons in sympathetic ns

A

ganglial neurons closer to spinal cord

135
Q

different between ganglia neurons in parasympathetic ns

A

ganglia neurons within organs

136
Q

two different…

A

efferent neurons + peripheral ganglia

137
Q

neuron and ganglia connection in ANS

A

preganglionic neuron - ganglia - postganglionic neuron - (either organ or spinal cord)

138
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

the neuron prior to the ganglia

139
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

the neuron after the ganglia

140
Q

factors that different between sympathetic and parasympathetic division ganglia and efferent neurons

A

location and length of axon of pre/post neurons

141
Q

sympathetic nervous system efferent neurons + peripheral ganglia

A

the axons of the efferent neurons in the SNS are shorter since they only need to reach the CNS - the ganglia is also closer tot he efferent neuron axon
more widespread effects on the body

142
Q

autonomic nervous system efferent neurons + peripheral ganglia

A

the axons of the efferent neurons in the PNS are longer and away from the ganglia - the ganglia is closer to specific organs
more organ specific effects

143
Q

sympathetic division actions

A
  • relaxes (inhibits) airways
  • increases heartbeat and force of contraction (stimulates)
  • inhibits digestion and stomach activity
    mobilizing energy resources
144
Q

parasympathetic division actions

A

constricts (stimulates) airways
slows heartbeats (inhibits)
stimulates digestion and stomach activity

145
Q

how do the SNS and PNS work?

A

flexibility of chemical synapses - tissue specific response depends on neurotransmitter and type of receptor in effector cell

146
Q

preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

release acetylcholine into a nicotonic receptor attached to the CNS - stimulates

147
Q

postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

release norepinephrine into adrenoreceptors - stimulates cardian muscles

148
Q

preganglionic fibers of autonomic division

A

release acetylcholine into a nicotonic receptor attached to the CNS - stimulates

149
Q

postganglionic fibers of autonomic division

A

acetylcholine - attaches to muscarinic receptor - inhibits cardiac muscle

150
Q

inhitbiting digestive tract neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine via ALPHA - adrenoreceptor

151
Q

stimulating heart neurotransmitter

A

norepinphrtine via BETA - adrenoreceptor

152
Q

beta blockers

A

(blood pressure, heart, nervousness) - prevent heart rate from increasing

153
Q

stimulate digestive tract

A

acetylecholine via metabiotropic (m3) receptor

154
Q

inhibits heart

A

acetylcholine via metabiotropic (m2) receptor

155
Q

how is cramping caused

A

taking energy away from digestive tract to fuel skeletal muscles

156
Q
A

Bio 224 (5 decks)

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