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Bio 224 > Animal Locomotion - Skeletons + Muscles > Flashcards

Animal Locomotion - Skeletons + Muscles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hydrostatic

A

not rigid and hard
fluid is incompressible - squeeze one part and other part swells up - helps with locomotion
limited protection - no mechanical protection.

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2
Q

exoskeleton

A

support structure on the outside
insects + artopods
must be shed for body growth
limits ability to grow

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3
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding for body growth - when it wants to

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4
Q

endoskeleton

A

support structures on the inside
bones exposed to acidic enviroments
exposed to bodily fluids and H+ as a byproduct of metabolism

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5
Q

2 types of endoskeletons

A

echinoderms
vertebrates

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6
Q

echinoderms

A

calcium carbonate + protein fibers; easily dissolved in acid so narrow range of acid and H+

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7
Q

vertebrates

A

calcium phosphate + protein fibers
internal store of calcium and phosphate
more resistant to acid - wide range

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8
Q

vertebrate skeleton relies on

A

Ca
++ homeostasis

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9
Q

blood calcium tightly regulated by

A

endocrine negative feedback loops

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10
Q

calcium homeostasis cycle

A

less calcium - stimulate parathyroid - increase release from bone, and uptake in kidneys and intestines, - falls above - activates thyroid gland - calcitonin reduces kidneys uptake + stimulates calcium deposition - declines

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11
Q

contractile cells

A

found in all animals
can change their height
responsible for movement in body

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12
Q

contraction

A

based on interaction between actin and myosin

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13
Q

actin

A

supporting filaments

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14
Q

myosin

A

a motor protein

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15
Q

three types of vertebrae muscle

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

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16
Q

voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

stratied muscle example

A

skeletal and cardian muscles

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18
Q

involuntary muscle

A

cardian muscle and smooth muscle

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19
Q

unstriated muscle example

A

smooth muscle

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20
Q

striated muscle defnition

A

dark and light bands when looking in microsope

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21
Q

all muscle is

A

bioelectric - producsed a membrane action potential

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22
Q

proximal insertion of muscle in arms

A

closer the join meaning it’s faster

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23
Q

proximal insertion of muscle in legs

A

shorter foot - more strength

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24
Q

distal insertion of muscle in arms

A

farther from joint - meaning it’s stronger

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25
Q

distal insertion of muscle in legs

A

longer foot - meaning it’s strength

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26
Q

muscles grouped as

A

antagonistic pairs

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27
Q

biceps

A

raise arm

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28
Q

triceps

A

low arm

29
Q

skeletal activity shorten and relaxing

A

shortens actively, passively relaxes

30
Q

what explains muscle contraction

A

sliding filament theory

31
Q

contraction stimulated by

A

motor neurons from somatic nervous system

32
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

type of synpase from neuron to muscle

33
Q

NMJ process - excitation contraction coupling

A

AP releases calcium which releases acetylcholine which goes through the synapse and into the nicotonic receptors which depolrizes the muscle cell which causea an AP which reaches threshold right away and goes into the t tubules which trigger the DHPO which release cakcium from the Ryr and releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosolm which completes contraction

34
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

NMJ process - electrical to mechanical energy

35
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle fibre

36
Q

t tubule

A

from neuron to muscle fibre - continous with sarcolemme

37
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium - keeps cytoplasmic calcium low and SR calcium high
uses pump from sarcoplasm

38
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm from muscle fibre

39
Q

components of sarcoplasmic reticulum + t tubule

A

ryanodine receptor
dihydropyridine

40
Q

ryanodine receptor

A

calcium channel in sarcolemma
at rest there is a lot outside
open and calcium will flow inside

41
Q

dyhydropyridine receptor

A

voltage gated channel in t-tubule membrane - at rest plugs RyR

42
Q

MAP

A

produces conformotional change in DHPR
unblocks Ryr
Calcium diffuses out of sacroplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm

43
Q

1 myofibril

A

many sarcomeres

44
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin - A band

45
Q

thin filaments

A

actin - I band

46
Q

H zone

A

myosin only bisected by M line - wherever the M line is

47
Q

Z disk

A

anchors actin - both ends of I band

48
Q

M line

A

anchors myosin

49
Q

what parts of actin regulate interactions with myosin

A

troponin and tropomyosin

50
Q

sliding filament model

A

contraction = moving anchor points closer together

51
Q

myofibril from left to right

A

M line (myosin) - Z line (anchors actin) - A band (myosin) - M line/H zone - Z line - I band

52
Q

what moves in a contracting muscle

A

H zone gets smaller, I band gets smaller, Z lines get closer, A band same width

53
Q

simple explanation on how actin and myoin slide past each other

A

due to cross bridge and respective binding sites

54
Q

what do actin receptive binding sites need

A

calcium

55
Q

cross bridging binding between filaments process - how actin amd myosin move past each other

A

high sarcoplasmic calcium - binds to troponin on actin filaments (clusters of green balls) - causes tropomyosin to be displaced (purple lines) and uncovers binding site - ATP is split into ADP + P - myosin head cocks - attaches to binding site - new ATP attaches to the myosin head 0 cross bridge detaches - inorganic phosphate released - myosin head pivots and bends to pull on the actin filament

56
Q

overall muscle contraction due to

A

continual cross bridge cycling
formation of many many crossbridges per sarcomere

57
Q

sarcomere length

A

2.5 micrometeres

58
Q

distance shorted per sarcomere

A

0.25 micrometeres

59
Q

40,000 sarcomeres shorten a muscle by

A

1 cm

60
Q

200,000 sarcomeres shorten a muscle by

A

5 cm

61
Q

reflex arcs

A

operate automatically
important in posture
coordinating limb movements
intergrated with conscious motor control by CNS

62
Q

neural stimulations

A

always shorters skeletal muscles

63
Q

motor unit

A

one neuron plus all muscle fibers it contacts

64
Q

how many motor units are stimulated depends on

A

threshold of motor neuron

65
Q

large motor units

A

lots of muscle fibers

66
Q

small motor units

A

less muscle fibers

67
Q

what controls muscle fibers

A

motor unit and tetanus

68
Q

tetanus

A

a form of summation - muscle does not oppurtunity to relax at all between stimuli

69
Q

ansyncronous flight muscle

A

smaller RS - more sarcomehres
muscle contraction is not at the same time as the AP
muscles are strecthed and contracted due to motor neuron firing
max wbf more than 1000Hz

Bio 224 (5 decks)

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