SENSORY-MOTOR UNIT Flashcards
What do sensory-motor approaches require?
- knowledge of the nervous system
- specialization
- knowledge of the precautions, contraindications, and risks associated with each approach
- supervised by the OTR
- neurological - CNS damage
Sensory-motor approaches are geared towards ________________.
1) normalizing tone
2) Facilitate symmetrical posture
3) Improve balance
What is spasticity?
hypertonicity, agonist firing and antagonist not firing (weak)
What is Flaccidity?
no muscle contraction, both agonist and antagonist not firing.
What is Rigidity?
both agonist and antagonist are firing.
What is normal msucle tone?
normal muscle tone is a continuous state of mild contraction of the muscles that is controlled by CNS and PNS structures
-The stretch reflex is controlled or mediated by the muscle spindle and is essential for maintaining muscle tone. The stretch reflex produces tension for stability to allow voluntary movement.
Sensory - motor approach includes:
Philosophy:
Assessment:
Intervention:
Who created and influenced the Rood approach?
Margaret Rood and used developmental and neurological work by Ayres and others etc.
What is the basic assumption of Rood approach?
appropriate sensory stimulation can elicit specific motor responses.
muscle action should be activated, facilitated and inhibited through the sensory system
What is the function of heavy work muscles?
stabilizers
What is the function of light work muscles?
mobilizers
What is the sequence of motor development according to Rood?
1) Reciprocal Inhibition
2) Co-contraction
3) Heavy Work
4) Skill
Facilitation Techniques
- Light moving touch *
- Fast Brushing
- Heavy Joint Compression (weight bearing)
- Stretch Pressure
- Vestibular Stimulation
- Icing *
- Stretch
- Resistance
- Tapping *
- Therapeutic Vibration *
Procedure and Precaution for the Icing Technique
applied to the dorsal web spaces of the palms and soles
icing behind the ear decreases blood pressure
Precaution: not for people with cervical spinal cord injury because of the increased risk of producing dysreflexia
Purpose of the tapping technique
The stimulus acts on the muscle spindle and increases the tone of the underlying skeletal muscles.
Procedure for Therapeutic Vibration and Precautions
stimulus is applied over a muscle belly and parallel with the muscle fibers.
Precautions:
not be used with children,
person 65 yo older because of thin skin
individuals with extra pyramidal or cerebellar lesions
Proper training for the therapist
Clinical Signs of Inhibition
1) Pupils appear fixed - gazed
2) Change in respiration - slowed and deepened
3) Change in voice quality - lower and softer
4) Gurgling noises of the GI tract - borborygmus
5) Changes in skin color - dilation of PNS
6) Muscle jerks - minor twitches when sleeping
Effects of Neutral Warmth
the patient feels relaxed and muscle tone is decreased.
When should purposeful activity be introduced into the treatment according to Rood?
1) following the stimulation or
2) throughout
Positive Critiques of Rood
- Gives OT practitioners many strategies to address abnormal tone
- Yields a relatively quick response
Negative Critiques of Rood
- Has many precautions to protect individuals whose nervous system is not intact
- limited because of the passive nature of these techniques
- short-lasting effect from the stimulation
- unpredictable effects of some sensory stim
- involves more complicated mechanisms than superficial stimulating of receptors beneath the skin
Who developed PNF?
Voss, Knott, Dr. Kabat, Meyers
What is the general description of PNF?
a complex movement model for motor performance
Disorders that PNF can be used
Soft voice vs loud voice in PNF
Methods of Evaluation for PNF
Procedures for PNF
Define Manual Contacts
Define stretch
Define traction
define approximation
Define Maximal resistance
Why are techniques performed in PNF?
warm-up for activities
What are the techniques for PNF?
Role of OT in PNF
Leave patient in strength
Principles of PNF
Why would you use rhythmic stabilization?
Why would you use rhythmic initiation?
Why would you use rhythmic rotation?
D patterns
Bilateral symmetrical
Will the use of PNF diagonals in treatment improve the likelihood of the CVA patient addressing his goals?
What does a home program should include?
What are the precautions for PNF?
Negative Critiques of PNF
Positive Critiques of PNF
Who developed NDT?
What is the most commonly identified problem with CVA according to NDT?
Description of body’s posture according to NDT
Techniques in NDT
Weight Bearing
Trunk rotation
Typical sitting posture
What NDT says about adaptive equipment?
No ADAPTIVE Equipments. Unless AFO and Slings Sublux
Preferred positioning for Bed
Preferred positioning for Sitting
Preferred positioning for standing
Method for Dressing in NDT
Where should the therapist position during treatment according to NDT?
Scapular Protraction and Scapular Gliding
The position of the pelvis that NDT states is optimal and its benefits
Precautions with NDT
Positive Critiques of NDT
Negative Critiques of NDT
