DEMENTIA Flashcards
Types of Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease, Multi-infarcts (CVA), Parkinson’s Disease (Lewy Body Dementia), Huntington’s Disease, Korsakoff’s Syndrome (Alcohol Abuse)
Reversible Types of Dementia
- Depression
- Metabolic Imbalance
- Hypothyroidism
- Medication
Statistics for Alzheimer’s Disease
- 1 in 10 Americans has a family member with AD
- 1 in 10 individuals older than 65 is affected by AD
- Nearly half of individuals older than age 85 has AD
- AD is the most common form of dementia (50-70%)
- AD can last 3 to 20 years, with avg of 8 years from DX to Death
- incidence are expected to double every 20 years
Problems that are created with dementia
- Functional Problems
- Behavioral Problems
- Neurological Problems
- Caregiver Problems - especially stree
Types of (LTM) Long Term Memory
- Episodic Memory
- Semantic Memory
- Declarative Memory
- Prospective Memory
- Procedural Memory
Episodic Memory
for personal episodes or events that have a contextual reference, often can trigger with stories, pictures and smells
Semantic Memory
for memory of facts difficult to tap into unless about info used extensively in daily life. Maybe categories of knowledge.
Declarative Memory
for general knowledge, not often preserved (Who was the first president?)
Prospective Memory
memory used to tell us what to do, figuring out what to do based on experience. Should I cross the street if light is red? Though impaired, may be amenable to adaptive strategies and cues.
Procedural Memory
memory for knowing how to do something, e.g, ride a bike, bake cookies - even though not done for many years. If we know person’s history, may be able to tap into this. Find activities that don’t require new learning.
Which type of memory stays with the individual with dementia stays the longest?
*Procedural
the shortest - episodic / recall
Ways to prevent dementia
- active and invested in meaningful activities
- proper nutrition and exercise
- participation in socialization activities
- cognitive exercise*
-What are the typical interventions for dementia?
- Behavior Management
- Environmental Modifications
What are the seven stages of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Stage 1 - No Impairment
Stage 2 - Very Mild Decline (Sapphire)
Stage 3 - Mild Decline (Diamond)
Stage 4 - Moderate Decline (Emerald)
Stage 5 -Moderately Severe Decline (Amber)
Stage 6 - Severe Decline (Ruby)
Stage 7 - Very Severely Decline (Pearl)
Stage 1 - and OT Interventions
NO IMPAIRMENT - no objective/subjective functional decline
- begins to notice some memory problems
Stage 2 - and OT Interventions
VERY MILD DECLINE ( Sapphire)
- some difficulties recalling names and word finding
- diffculty finding objects
- forgets train of thought
- subjective complaints of memory loss
Stage 3 - and OT Interventions
MILD DECLINE (Diamond) - problems noted in more demanding social and occupational settings
- problems noted with remembering important appointments
- problems traveling to unfamiliar locations - gets lost
Stage 4 - and OT Interventions
MODERATE DECLINE (Emerald)
- deficits in performance of complex task like IADLs
- decreased knowledge of recent events
- inability to perform high level mental calculations
- decrease memory for personal information and socially withdrawn
Stage 5 - and OT Interventions
MODERATELY SEVERE DECLINE ( Amber)
- deficits in choosing appropriate attire
- assistance required with community functioning
- personality changes beginning to be noted
Stage 6 - and OT Interventions
SEVERE DECLINE (Ruby)
- occasionally forgets own name
- needs extensive help with ADLs
- decrease memory of personal information
- dysfunctional sleep/wake cycle, hallucinations, compulsions, repetitive behaviors
Stage 7 - and OT Interventions
VERY SEVERLY DECLINE (Pearl)
- Mutism, dysphagia, and muscle rigidity
- individuals do not respond to environment
- inability to control movement
- requires feeding assistance
What is the positive physical approach?
- Approach from the FRONT to avoid autonomic response
- Walk SLOW (1 second, 1 step)
- Stand to the side - use SUPPORTIVE STANCE
- Crouch LOW
- Offer your HAND
- Call them by NAME
Way to intervene behavioral problems
- Rescue Strategy
- Prevent
- Environmental Strategies to enable meaningful activity
- Hand under Hand (Hand over Hand)
- Mirroring
- Chaining
Types and use of cues to assist with dementia care
- Verbal
- Visual
- Touch/Tactile Cues
reason for reminiscence and examples of ways to facilitate this with patients
Teaching/Learning Method for Dementia
- Forward/Backward Chaining
- Repetition and Routine
- Mirroring
- Bridging
- Hand under Hand
- Cues - Verbal, Tactile, Visual
Assessments for dementia and considerations for performing evaluations
- KTA Kitchen Task Assessment
- FBP Functional Behavior Profile
- ACS Activity Card Sort
- ACL Allen’s Cognitive Test
- MMSE Mini Mental Status Exam
- MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- ADL Evaluation
- Memory and Behavioral Problem Checklist
Senior Gems related to ACL and Dementia Stages
- Level 1 Automatic Actions Stage 7 Pearl
- Level 2 Postural Actions Stage 6 Ruby
- Level 3 Manual Actions Stage 5 Amber
- Level 4 Goal-Directed Actions Stage 4 Emerald
- Level 5 Exploratory Actions Stage 3 Diamond
- Level 6 Planned Actions Stage 1-2 Sapphire
