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Life Processes > Sensory ecology > Flashcards

Sensory ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Tetrachromats

A

extra cone in eye - UV sensitive

Fish and birds

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2
Q

Tapetum

A

Guanine - reflects light bak through retina to be absorbed 2nd time

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3
Q

Apposition

A

all light from one facet goes to same photoreceptor cells

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4
Q

Superposition

A

Light from diff angels goes to diff photoreceptors

More sensitive

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5
Q

Producing colour

A

Pigments

Structural colour - constructive interference creates iridescent/metallic look - beetles

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6
Q

Deep sea adaptations

A

Bioluminescence

eyes adapted to low light

Barrel eye - eyes facing up with large lenses

Spookfish - 2 eyes facing up and 2 down - can rotate to look forward

Lures

Dragonfish use photophores under eyes as search light - emits red light - invisible to deep sea animals

Tend to be red or black in colour - camo

swim bladder lost due to high pressure

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7
Q

Passive senses

A

Collect info using available energy (sunlight, ambient sounds)

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8
Q

Active senses

A

probe the environment with self generated energy - analyse how the environment modifies the outgoing energy

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9
Q

Communication

A

Cost of sending and recieving:

Predation

Parasitism

Energy

Time

Triggers, stops or modifies behavour

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10
Q

Types of communication

A

Announce species/sex/age/individual

Broadcast presence and location

Indicate current status

Change status of social unit

Near field interactions

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11
Q

Why are sounds useful

A

Work in dark

Work out of sight

Omnidirectional

Localisation

Adapted to needs - range of distance - can be switched off - carry diff meanings

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12
Q

Mechanical sounds

A

Movements

thermoregulation

Food processing

Mutual contact between body parts/ body and environment

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13
Q

Respiratory sounds

A

Non vocal - breathing

Vocal

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14
Q

Stridulation

A

Grasshoppers:

One vein on each wing has file bearing ridges - scraper is on hindleg

Fast leg movements make file and scraper rub - vibrates wing

Crickets:

file on one wing, scraper on another

Hollow abdomen resonates sound

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15
Q

Tymbal of cicada

A

Contracting internal timbal muscles produces a clicking sounds as the timbals buckle inward

air filled cavity resonates

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16
Q

Fish sounds

A

Grunts/drums/croakers

grinding teeth - other stridulation

Drumming of swim bladder

Air release from anus

17
Q

Body to object sound

A

Hares + rabbits - thump ground as warning

Woodpeckers

Chimpanzees - drum on tree trunks

18
Q

Sound production is syrinx

A

Birds

two vibrating valves as opposed to 1 in mammals larynx

Independent control over both sides

Can sing 2 diff sounds at same time

Diff freq ranges on both sides

19
Q

Sound production in whales and dolphins

A

Sounds in water more important - reduced vision - olfaction effected by slow diffusion

Comms/orientation/biosonar

Baleen whales - only comms

toothed whales - biosonar

20
Q

Beam forming

A

Shape of mouth determines sound radiation

Can be modified in air

Harder in water - body tissue and water similar impedance - water passes through body tissue

Marine mammals can’t use same beam forming

Air filled cavities can reflect sound

Use oily fatty tissue with diff density to water to manipulate underwater sounds

21
Q

Sound propogation

A

Low frequency for long distance

Diffraction bends sound around objects if WL is longer than object

Elephants communicate in dense forest with low freq

22
Q

Sound reception

A

Pinna in mammals collects and funnels sound

Sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane

Ossicles of middle ear - vib motion - oval window of inner ear - pressure waves in fluid of coclea - detected by receptor cells in organ of corti

Outer hair cells - amplify weakest sounds

23
Q

Interaural time difference

A

ITD

time diff of sound to ears - tell which direction sound came from

24
Q

Interaural intensity difference

A

IDD

Diff intesity of sounds to each ear determines direction

Head creates a acoustic shadow

25
Q

Interaural spectral difference

A

Direct and reflected signals into the ear

Multipath propagation in pinna

26
Q

Biosonar

A

Builds sound image of immediate surroundings by analysis of echoes of emitted sound waves

Localisation

Recognition

27
Q

Nose leaf in bats

A

Beam direction

Many different structures

Push sound through nose

Notches and ridges direct the sound

28
Q

Beam forming in bats

A

Oral emitters - broad beams

Nasal emitters - narrow beams

Horizontal orientation - azimuth - interference between nostrils

Vertical elevation - action of nose leaf

Bats reduce inter all intervals when approaching target - (more frequent)

29
Q

Distance of objects

A

Range and delay

Delay between sound emission and echo reception indicates the range (distance) of the target

30
Q

Call duration

A

Signal overlap zone

FM bats have difficulty hearing echoes while calling

Bats reduce call duration when approaching target

31
Q

Sound pressure levels

A

Very loud

dB level of up to 133-140

enough to cause permanent damage

Can deafen themselves

Temporary deafness by muscle contraction

Muscle has to fire very quickly - block call then hear echo

32
Q

Ariel hawking bats

A

Catch flying insets

use bio sonar for food and orientation

Loudest calls

Fast flyers

Open areas

Smaller ears

33
Q

Active gleaners

A

Find motionless - silent prey sitting on substrate based on echo signature

Weak or loud calls for orientation and food detection

Insectivores, carnivores, frugivores, nectarivores

34
Q

Passive gleaners

A

Locate prey by their walking noises or comm signals

Echo mainly for orientation

Weak calls - whispering bats

Very big ears

Insectivores

Slow fliers

Life Processes (9 decks)

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