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Life Processes > Immune systems > Flashcards

Immune systems Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defence

A

Impermeable barrier

Cell wall

Cuticle

Skin

Mucus

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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

Found in all animals

In the germ line

Constitutional

Rapid

Non-specific

Do not improve on repeated contact with invading organims

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific

Slow

Acquired responses not encoded in germ line

specific receptor for each invading organism - selected from randomly created repertoire of receptors

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4
Q

Humoral innate immunity

A

Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)

small peptides

broad range of activities against bacteria, protozoa and fungi

make a hole in cell membrane of pathogen

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5
Q

Cellular innate immunity

A

Hemocytes/macrophages - phagocytic

hemolymph/blood

secretory cells release AMPs

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6
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

e.g. peptidoglycan

not found on self cells - only non self

react with PRRs

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7
Q

PRRs

A

pattern recognition receptors

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8
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan outer cell wall

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9
Q

Gram negative

A

Outer membrane around peptidoglycan of LPS

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10
Q

gram stain

A

purple stain - gram +ive

no stain (stays pink) - gram -ive

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11
Q

AMPs in vertebrates

A

Humoral

defensins and lysozyme

lysozyme - enzyme that lyzes cells - tears, saliva and mucus

breaks down peptidoglycan - gram +ive

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12
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines - cell signalling molecules

active against viruses

Inhibit replication of virus in host cells - direct

Activate antiviral defences of tissue cells - indirect

Activating various effector cells of the immune system such as natural killer cells (NK cells)

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13
Q

Cytokines

A

Small soluble proteins that function as chemical messengers for immune cells

Pleiotropic - act on different cell types

Redundant - more than one cytokine does the same job

Multi functional - do several jobs

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14
Q

Complement

A

Heat-inactivated substance in serum needed to ‘complement’ antibacterial action of antibodies in serum

Activation triggers a complex cascade where activation of one component triggers next

Found in all vertebrates/some deuterostomes

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15
Q

Phagocyte action

A

Move toward pathogen

Make contact

Engulf - forms phagosome

Fusion with lysosome

Release digestive enzymes

kills bacteria

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16
Q

Key features of adaptive immune system

A

Specificity

Memory

Tolerance to self and harmless antigens

17
Q

Humoral adaptive response

A

Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes or B cells

18
Q

Cellular adaptive response

A

T lymphocytes or T cells

19
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Bursa derived (B) - organ in birds

Produced in bone marrow

Produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Antibodies are specific to antigens on surface of pathogens

Complement mediated lysis

Neutralisation of toxins

Aggregation - clumping

20
Q

Structure of immunoglobulin molecule

A

Dimeric

2 identical heavy chains

2 identical light chains

Held together by disulphide bonds

Hinge region

21
Q

Combinatorial diversity

A

Generation of antibody diversity

Different combinations of heavy and light chains

Rearrangement of gene segments

Junctional diversity

22
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cells interact with T helper cells to create

Antibody factories

produce large quantity of specific antibody

23
Q

Memory B cells

A

Some plasma cells differentiate into memory B cells

Remember specific antigens so antibodies can be produced rapidly

24
Q

Classes of mammal immunoglobulins

A

IgM - pentameric - initial Ig produced during immune response

IgG - main Ig in serum - can cross placenta

IgD - on B cell surface - function unknown

IgA- secreted at mucosal surfaces - 1st line of defence

IgE - parasite infections - allergic responses

25
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Produced by single cloned B cell in vitro

All identical

Used to target specific pathogens

26
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Thymus-derived (T)

Thymus - immune organ found in the neck/thorax region

Cell mediated immunity

Two types:

Helper T cells (CD4)- activate B cells or macrophages

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) - kill virus-infected cells

T cell receptors:

Recognise peptide fragment on surface of another cell - linear molecule

27
Q

Endogenous protein

A

protein on cell surface belonging to cell - self

28
Q

Exogenous protein

A

Protein on cell surface - not belonging to cell - non self

29
Q

MHC

A

molecule on cell surface that holds peptide in a groove

MHC class 1 - on every nucleated cell - self recognition and recognition of abnormal cells - displays - CD8 binds

MHC class 2 - on specialised antigen presenting cells (APCs) - B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells - Helper T cells respond via CD4

Life Processes (9 decks)

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