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Life Processes > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Transduction

A

1 form if energy is transduced into another

sensory to electrical

Electrical to movement

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2
Q

Excitability

A

likelihood of activity within the nervous system

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3
Q

Glass microelectrode

A

measuring membrane potential

glass pipette filled with electrically conducting solution

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4
Q

Patch electrode

A

measuring membrane potential

glass pipette filled with electrically conducting solution

slightly larger tip than glass microelectrode

blows small hole in membrane

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5
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

Largely determined by K+ moving out of the cell

small contribution of Na+

membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+

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6
Q

Potassium ions

A

K+

concentration higher in cell than outside at rest

150mM - 5mM

Tend to move down conc gradient from inside to outside

As inside of cell is negative k+ wants to move in down electrical gradient

equilibrium potential - -90mV

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7
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

When concentration gradient matches the electrical gradient of K+ ions - meaning there os no net movement of ions

Calculated by Nernst equation

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8
Q

Sodium ions

A

Na+

Higher conc outside cell

150mM outside - 15mM inside

Tend to move into cell down concentration gradient

Inside is negative and Na+ so move into cell over electrical gradient

Equilibrium potential - + 60mV

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9
Q

Permeability

A

Controlled by protein ion channels

Known as leak channels

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10
Q

Ion pumping

A

Na/K protein pump

uses ATP

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

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11
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

membrane potential becomes more negative

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12
Q

depolarisation

A

membrane potential becomes less negative

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13
Q

Self adjustment

A

passive movement of K+ ions can correct the RMP

hyperpolarisation - more K+ moves into cell

Depolarisation - more K+ move out of the cell

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14
Q

Threshold

A

level at which change in MP that self adjustment cannot bring back to RMP

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15
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse/spike

Last 1-3ms on average

Depolarisation takes MP to threshold

When threshold reached - permeability of Na+ increases - channels open

Na+ ions move in across concentration and electrical gradient

MP becomes more +ive

Reaches certain level

Na+ channels then close

Permeability to K+ increases (channels open)

K+ then moves out of the cell down concentration gradient

MP goes from +ive to -ive

Slight hyperpolarisation

K+ channels close

RMP restored by passive movement of leak channels

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16
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A

Closed at RMP

opens during depolarisation

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17
Q

Hillock

A

point where impulse is initiated - point between soma and axon

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18
Q

Impulse conduction along an axon

A

AP process repeated along axon

depolarises regions of axons as impulse moves down

Self sustaining process

Refractory - cannot go back on itself

Vertebrates have a myelin sheath - insulating

Saltatory conduction along nodes of ranvier

Bigger diameter of axon = faster conduction

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19
Q

Information coding

A

Information is not determined by size and shape of impulse

Determined by frequency of impulses

20
Q

Synapse

A

Pre synaptic nuerone

Post synaptic dendrite

Synaptic cleft

vesicles containing nuerotransmitter

21
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

AP reaches PreSN - depolarises

Opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels

Ca2+ causes release of neroutransmitter from vesicles

diffuses across synaptic cleft

Ligand gated ion channels on PostSN open when bound to NT

22
Q

Excitatory Synaptic Transmission

A

Acetylcholine + glutamine

Na+ ions move through and depolarise PostSN - postsynaptic potential

travels through dendrites to hillock - not self sustaining but remains depolarised

Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) - as brings closer to threshold - more likely for PostSN to fire an impulse

23
Q

Inhibitory synaptic transmission

A

Glycine + GABA

Cl- ions let in

hyperpolarised MP

Takes MP further away from firing impulse

Inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)

24
Q

Summation

A

Addition of EPSPs/IPSPs

Spatial - multiple synapses

Temporal - same synapse - multiple impules

25
Q

Facilitation

A

EPSPs add to one another as well as sucessive EPSPs being larger than the first

26
Q

Skeletons

A

Hydrostatic - soft bodied - incompressible fluid - muscles can act against

Exoskeleton - muscles attach to structures inside exoskeleton

Endoskeleton - muscles act against and attach to points on it

27
Q

Muscle

A

Muscle - fibre - myofibril - myofilaments - actin/myosin

Dark bands - Z bands - sarcomere - between Z bands

I band - lighter - just actin

A band - darker - actin and myosin

H band - middle of A band - just myosin

28
Q

Muscle contraction

A

ATP binds to myosin heads - detach from actin

ATP breaks down to ADP + P

myosin straightens and attaches to actin

ADP + P relased

Myosin bends and pulls actin forward

Cyclic process

29
Q

Control of muscle contraction

A

Motor nuerons

Neuromuscular junction - works same way as synaptic transmission

Vertebrates -

AP in MN axon

NT release from NMJ (acetylholine)

Excitatory junction potential in muscle cell

AP in muscle cell

Travels along T tubules

Release Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca2+ initiates contraction - excitation-contraction coupling = transduction

Invertebrates

AP

NT - glutamate

EJP causes release of Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum not impulse in muscle cell

Initiates contraction

30
Q

Control of contraction strength

A

Vertebrates

Many motor neurone for each muscle

Each fibre controlled by a single MN

Motor unit - fibres under control of single MN

Recruitment -

weak contraction - few motor units

strong contraction - many motor units

size principle - smaller motor units recruited first

Invertebrates

Few MN controlling each muscle - little recruitment

Grading in size of muscle EJPs

summation and facilitation

inhibitory MNs

31
Q

Control if insect flight muscles

A

Insects can contract muslces up to 100Hz

wing beats up to 1000Hz

Independant contraction to nerve impulse

32
Q

Cnidarian nervous systems

A

Nerve net

sensory neurone groupings

Axon tracts (axons grouped together)

Giant axons

33
Q

Platyhelminthes nervous system

A

Flatworms

cephalisation - sensory structures at head

Have brain - nerve cords run from brain longitudinally down body - primitive CNS

34
Q

Annelid nervous system

A

Earthworms + leeches

Brain + 2 nerve cords running down

behind brain 2 nerve cords wrap around oesophagus

segmental ganglia coming off nerve cords

From ganglia - peripheral nerves

35
Q

Arthropod nervous system

A

Specialised sensory organs

Body becoming more condensed

Regional specialisation

Local control

Giant axons

Double ventral nerve cord

ganglia (thoracic) (segmental)

connectives - nerve cords between ganglia

36
Q

Mollusc nervous systems

A

brain wrapped round oesophagus

number of nerve cords coming off it

cerebral ganglia

Abdominal ganglia

pedal ganglia

37
Q

Chordate nervous systems

A

CNS = brain and spinal cord

spinal cord divided into grey and white matter

cell bodies in grey

axons in white

interneurons contained within grey

motor have cell body in grey and axon in white

sensory have cell body in white and axon connect to interneurons in grey

38
Q

Fish brain

A

forebrain:

Thalamus - relay station for sensory info

hypothalamus - body homeostasis

olfactory lobe - smell

cerebrum - sensory processing, cognitive functions

midbrain:

vision

optic tectum - roof of midbrain

hindbrain:

control of movement

cerebellum at top of hindbrain - receives lots of sensory information and state of body - stabilises motor behaviour

39
Q

Basic sensory systems

A

Mechanical - touch/hearing

Chemical - taste/smell

Electromagnetic - vision/heat

40
Q

Olfaction

A

odour molecules bind to receptors on cilia

Produces 2nd messengers inside sensory neurone

Opens Na+ or Ca2+ channels - ions enter neurone

depolarises sensory neurone membrane - receptor potential

MP crosses threshold - fires impulses

41
Q

Taste

A

Direct

Acid - H+ closes K+ ion channels - depolarises cell
Salt - Na+ enter cell - depolarises cell

Indirect

Sweet - binds to receptors - 2nd messenger - closes K+ channels - depolarises cell

42
Q

Lateral line system

A

Fish/amphibians

Hair cells in jelly cupula

hair cells connected to sensory neurone

detect pressure waves/vibration in water

jelly cupula moves - in turn moves hair cells…..

43
Q

Statocyst

A

Invertebrates

Used to detect equilibrium and balance

Hollow ball of cells lined with sensory hairs

Contains a statolith - calcium carbonate stone

fall to the bottom of the statocyst due to gravity

44
Q

Vestibular system

A

Vertebrates

Inner ear

2 chambers - saccule and utricle

3 semicircular canals (arranged orthogonally)

45
Q

Saccule

A

fluid filled sac encased in bone within skull

cupula (jelly)

cilia cells embedded in cupula

When animal moves - moves cupula and stimulates hair cells

46
Q

Semi circular canal

A

sensitive to rotation

detect angular acceleration

fluid filled

cupula

hair cells

Life Processes (9 decks)

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