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Capstone Test 1 > Sensory Day > Flashcards

Sensory Day Flashcards

1
Q

a lesion of the optic nerve would result in

A

ipsilateral monocular vision loss

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2
Q

a pituitary lesion affecting the optic chiasm would result in

A

bitemporal homonymous hemianopnia

(pituitary adenona, craniopharyngoma, ACA aneurysm)

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3
Q

a lesion of the optic nerve just outside the optic chiasm would result in

A

ipsilateral nasal hemianopnia

(internal carotid artery aneurysm)

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4
Q

Lesions to areas after the optic chiasm result in […]ocular and homonymous […]lateral deficits in vision

A

Lesions to areas after the optic chiasm result in [bi]ocular and homonymous [contra]lateral deficits in vision

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5
Q

What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic tract or lateral geniculate body?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

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6
Q

What visual deficit results from a lesion of Meyer’s loop?

A

Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

(temporal lesion, MCA occlusion)

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7
Q

What visual deficit results from lesion of the dorsal optic radiation?

A

Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia

(parietal lesion, MCA occlusion)

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8
Q

What visual deficit results from a lesion of primary visual cortex?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

(PCA occlusion)

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9
Q

What visual field defect is associated with Wernicke aphasia secondary to middle cerebral artery stroke?

A

Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

(temporal lobe defect)

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10
Q

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia is a visual deficit associated most commonly with an […] or with an […] lesion

A

optic tract
LGN

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11
Q

Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the […] lobe

A

parietal

(MCA infarct)

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12
Q

Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the […] lobe

A

temporal

(MCA infarct)

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13
Q

describe the path of trabecular outflow

A

Ciliary body → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → trabecular meshwork → canal of Schlemm → episcleral vessels

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14
Q

trabecular outflow is increased by […] agonists

A

M3

(pilocarpine, carbachol)

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15
Q
A

papilledema

elevated optic disc with blurred margins

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16
Q
A

central retinal artery occlusion

“cherry red” fovea

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17
Q
A

optic neuritis

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18
Q
A

hypertensive retinopathy

micro aneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots

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19
Q

sudden, painless loss of vision that lasts for seconds to minutes and is followed by spontaneous recovery

A

amaurosis fugax

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20
Q

what causes amaurosis fugax and why is it important?

A

transient central retinal artery occlusion

caused by serious conditions like carotid stenosis, thrombosis, vasculitis.

Reduce CVD risk factors and treat temporal vasculitis with low dose corticosteroids.

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21
Q

noise induced hearing loss is caused by damage to [….] cells in the organ of Corti

A

sterociliated

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22
Q

noise induced hearing loss is characterized by loss of […] frequency hearing first

A

high

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23
Q

in the inner ear, the cochlea contains the […] membrane that vibrates secondary to sound waves

A

basilar

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24
Q

each […] leads to vibration at a specific location on the basilar membrane

A

frequency

(tonotopy)

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25
Q

low frequency noises are heard at the […] of the basilar membrane

A

apex

(wide and flexible)

26
Q

high frequency noises are heard at the […] of the basilar membrane

A

base

(thin and rigid)

27
Q

why does otosclerosis cause conductive hearing loss?

A

3 ossicles of the middle ear conduct and amplify sound from the tympanic membrane to the middle ear

28
Q

If there is unilateral […] hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the affected ear

A

conductive

29
Q

If there is unilateral […] hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the normal ear

A

sensorineural

30
Q

If there is unilateral conductive hearing loss, the Rinne test demonstrates

A

Bone conduction > air conduction

31
Q

in the Rinne test, the tuning fork in front of the ear tests […] conduction

A

air

32
Q

in the Rinne test, the tuning fork on the mastoid tests […] conduction

A

bone

33
Q

If there is unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, the Rinne test demonstrates

A

air conduction > bone condution

34
Q

inherited inability to amplify sound due to bony overgrowth of the stapes

A

otosclerosis

35
Q

Causes of […] hearing loss include damage to the cochlea, CN VIII, or central auditory connections

A

sensorineural

36
Q

Causes of […] hearing loss include obstruction, otosclerosis, and otitis media

A

conductive

37
Q

Episodic vertigo triggered by certain changes in the position of the head

A

benign paroxysmal peripheral vertigo

38
Q

vertigo symptoms for seconds after change in head position

A

benign paroxysmal peripheral vertigo

39
Q

brief vertigo precipitated by movements

normal examination

A

benign paroxysmal peripheral vertigo

40
Q

high endolymphatic pressure-acute symptoms with rupture of membranous labyrinth

vertigo symptoms >20 min to a few hours

A

meniere’s

41
Q

intense vertigo lasting several hours associated with hearing loss

A

meniere’s

42
Q

in peripheral vertigo, nystagmus [is/is not] suppressible with visual fixation

A

is

43
Q

in central vertigo, nystagmus [is/is not] suppressible with visual fixation

A

is not

44
Q

hearing loss or tinnitus ipsilateral to the vestibular lesion favors a […] lesion

A

peripheral

45
Q

vertical or direction changing nystagmus indicates a […] lesion

A

central

46
Q

Meniere’s triad

A

vertigo
sensorineural hearing loss
tinnitus

47
Q

the uncus is the medial […] lobe

A

temporal

48
Q

what is an uncal herniation?

A

mass effect caused by a supratentorial lesion → medial and downward displacement of the uncus at the tentorial incisure

49
Q

findings consistent with central vertigo

A

vertical nystagmus
torsional or gaze evoked nystagmus
negative head impulse test

50
Q

positive head impulse test suggests […] vertigo

A

peripheral

(corrective saccade following head turn)

51
Q

negative head impulse test suggests […] vertigo

A

central

(eyes remained fixated while head is turned)

52
Q

presbycusis is […] hearing loss

A

sensorineural

(AC>BC)

53
Q

presbycusis is due to destruction of hair cells at the […] of the cochlea

A

base

(loss of high pitch hearing)

54
Q

BPPV is provoked by observing […] on Dix-hallpike test

A

nystagmus

55
Q

Endolymphatic hydrops, which results in endolymph accumulation within the membranous labyrinth, is the underlying mechanism of […]

A

meniere’s

56
Q

What visual deficit results from lesion of the macula?

A

central scotoma

57
Q

muscarinic antagonists can precipitate […] glaucoma

A

acute angle

(atropine)

58
Q

a1 agonists can be used to treat […] angle glaucoma

A

open angle

(decreases aqueous humor production, but induces mydriasis so not for closed angle)

59
Q

positional exacerbation is typical of […] vertigo

A

peripheral

(central is typically continuous, regardless of positional)

60
Q

horizontal nystagmus is associated with […] vertigo

A

peripheral

(vertical with central)

Capstone Test 1 (5 decks)

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