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Capstone Test 1 > Cough > Flashcards

Cough Flashcards

1
Q

what dimorphic fungi is endemic to Mississippi and the Ohio River valley?

A

histoplasmosis

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2
Q

bird/bat droppings
cave spelunking

are buzzwords for what dimorphic fungi?

A

histoplasmosis

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3
Q

histoplasmosis infects what cell types?

A

macrophages

(Histo Hides in Macrophages)

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4
Q

histoplasmosis is (larger/smaller/same size) as RBC

A

smaller

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5
Q

oral ulcers
splenomegaly
pancytopenia
erythema nodosum

are unique symptoms associated with what dimorphic fungi?

A

histoplasmosi

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6
Q

what dimorphic fungi is endemic to Eastern/Central US and the Great Lakes?

A

blastomycosis

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7
Q

“broad-based” budding

A

bastomycosis

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8
Q

blastomycosis is (larger/smaller/same size) as RBC

A

same size

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9
Q

inflammatory lung disease
disseminates to bone –> verrucuous lesions
may mimic SCC

are unique symptoms associated with what dimorphic fungi?

A

blastomycosis

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10
Q

what dimorphic fungi is endemic to Southwestern US, California?

A

coccidiodomycosis

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11
Q

“thick walled spherule filled with endospores”

A

coccidiodomycosis

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12
Q

coccidiodomycosis is (larger/smaller/same size) as RBC

A

much larger

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13
Q

what dimorphic fungi is associated with dust exposure in endemic areas?

(excavations, earthquakes)

A

coccidiodomycosis

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14
Q

erthyema nodosum/multiforme
arthralgias
meningitis
disseminates to bone/skin

are unique symptoms associated with what dimorphic fungi?

A

coccidiodomycosis

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15
Q

what dimorphic fungi is endemic to Latin America?

A

para-coccidiodomycosis

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16
Q

“captain’s wheel” formation

A

para-coccidiodomycosis

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17
Q

para-coccidiodomycosis is (larger/smaller/same size) as RBC

A

much larger

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18
Q

“acute angle branching of septate hyphae”

A

aspergillus

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19
Q

dimorphic fungi are […] in the cold and […] in the heat

A

dimorphic fungi are [mold] in the cold and [yeast] in the heat

(except coccidiomycosis is spherule)

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20
Q

what dimorphic fungi is seen in this microscopy image?

A

histoplasmosis

white arrows denote intracellular fungi

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21
Q

what dimorphic fungi is circled by the red?

A

coccidiomycosis

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22
Q

what fungi is depicted

A

aspergillosis

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23
Q

hypersensitivity response to aspergillosis growing in lung mucus

A

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

(diagnosed via IgE and Eosinophils)

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24
Q

infliximab monoclonal antibody targeting […]

A

TNF-a

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25
pretreatment screening for latent viral infections should be done prior to initiating treatment with [...] due to high risk of reactivation
infliximab (TB, HBV, HCV, VZV, EBV, CMV etc)
26
TNF is important in [...] formation and stabilization
granuloma (why infliximab predisposes risk for granulomatous infections)
27
the most common genetic cause of CF is an in-frame deletion of [...] in the CFTR gene
F508
28
CFTR encodes a ATP-gate [...] channel
chloride
29
the 508 deletion in CF causes abnormal protein folding which leads to improper [...]
trafficking to cell membrane
30
the CFTR mutation results in [...] Cl- excretion from GI tract and [...] Na+ reabsorption
the CTFR mutation results in [decreased] Cl- excretion from GI tract and [increased] Na+ reabsorption (increased H20 resorption --> thick sticky mucus)
31
diagnosis of CF can be made via increased [...] on pilocarpine sweat test
chloride
32
misfolded CTFR proteins are retained in the [...] of the cell
RER (cannot proceed to Golgi for glycosylation)
33
treatment for pancreatic insufficiency in CF patients
PERT
34
clinical decline in an adolescent with CF may be caused by
non-adherence with therapy (i.e. chest percussion)
35
describe what would be increased/decreased in hypovolemic shock CVP PCWP CO SVR svO2
CVP: decreased PCWP: decreased CO: decreased SVR: increased svO2: decreased
36
describe what would be increased/decreased in cardiogenic shock CVP PCWP CO SVR svO2
CVP: increased PCWP: increased CO: decreased SVR: increased svO2: decreased
37
describe what would be increased/decreased in obstructive shock due to PE, or tension pneumo CVP PCWP CO SVR svO2
CVP: increased PCWP: decreased CO: decreased SVR: increased svO2: increased
38
describe what would be increased/decreased in obstructive shock due to cardiac tamponade CVP PCWP CO SVR svO2
CVP: increased PCWP: increased CO: decreased SVR: increased svO2: decreased
39
describe what would be increased/decreased in distributive shock due to anaphylaxis or sepsis CVP PCWP CO SVR svO2
CVP: decreased PCWP: decreased CO: increased SVR: decreased svO2: increased
40
describe what would be increased/decreased in distributive shock due to neurogenic injury CVP PCWP CO SVR svO2
CVP: decreased PCWP: decreased CO: decreased SVR: decreased svO2: normal/high
41
what is the mechanism of hypovolemic shock?
volume depletion
42
what is the mechanism of cardiogenic shock?
left heart dysfunction
43
what is the mechanism of obstructive shock?
impeded cardiopulmonary blood flow
44
what is the mechanism of distributive shock?
systemic vasodilation
45
when is the hypometabolic phase of a burn injury?
initial 48 hrs
46
when is the hypermetabolic phase of a burn injury?
5-7 days after burn
47
what cells are responsible for re-epithelization of skin following burn injury?
keratinocytes (mitotically active in the basal layer)
48
equation for fluid resuscitation following burn
4 mL x kg x TBSA
49
what is used to approximate the body surface area involved in a burn?
rule of 9s entire head 9% entire thorax 18% entire arm 9% entire abdomen 18% perineum 1% entire leg 18%
50
During the first phase (called the “Ebb phase,” up to 48 hours postburn), cardiac output and metabolism are [...]
decreased
51
Pain, erythema, and blisters that may rupture are consistent with a [...] burn blanches when pressure is applied
superficial partial-thickness
52
[what type of burn] eythema swelling dry skin no blisters
superficial (first degree)
53
erythema, and blisters that may rupture with minimal pain are consistent with a [...] burn dry and does not blanch when pressure is applied
deep partial thickness burn
54
[what type of burn] Tissue necrosis with black, waxy-white, or gray leather-like skin (eschar) Skin appears dry and inelastic
3 rd (full thickness) or 4th (deeper full thickness) (if the patient can still sense deep pressure, it is 3rd. if not, 4th)
55
Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes [...], which inactivates elongation factor-2 (EF-2) by ADP-ribosylation
exotoxin A
56
deactivation of EF-2 by pseudomonas causes inhibition of [...]
protein synthesis
57
P. aeruginosa produces [...], which degrades cell membranes
phospholipase C
58
[...] is one of the first manifestations of cystic fibrosis seen in newborns, due to defective ATP-gated chloride channels
meconium ileus
59
Deletion of the codon for [...] 508 in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7
phenylalanine
60
Deletion of the codon for phenylalanine 508 in the CFTR gene on chromosome [...]
7
61
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency arising in cystic fibrosis (CF) causes failure to thrive due to [...]
malabsorption
62
In CF, positively charged [...] ions are also pathologically trapped in sweat by the negatively charged chloride ions in order to balance the net electric charge, resulting in hypertonic sweat.
sodium
63
The failure of Cl- channels to function leads to a decrease in Cl- in lung secretions. This, in turn, results in an increase in the activity of [...] channels
sodium
64
the accumulation of intracellular Cl- leads to the retention of intracellular [...] and [...]
sodium water
65
CFTR normally codes for a Cl- ion channel that is activated by the binding of [...]
ATP
66
Carbon monoxide has a high affinity for [...] of the electron transport chain
cytochrome c oxidase (inhibits oxidative phosphorylation)
67
CO also causes a [...] shift of the oxygen dissociation curve
left
68
Measured oxygen saturation in CO poisoning is typically [...]
normal standard pulse oximeters cannot differentiate between oxyhemoglobin and COHb
69
what is the treatment for CO poisoning?
100% O2 or hyperbaric chamber

Capstone Test 1 (5 decks)

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