Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD) Flashcards
What makes up Sensory Based Motor Disorders?
Postural Disorders
Sensory Based Dyspraxia
What characterizes postural disorders?
- Disorder of vestibular sensory system
- Low muscle tone
- Poor stability (even at rest)
- Difficulty with extension against gravity
- Impaired arousal (usually low)
- Poor occular-motor control
- Immature righting & equilibrium reactions
- Poor weight shifting and trunk rotation.
What characterizes Sensory Based Dypraxia?
- Impairments in somatosensory and/or vestibular/visual systems.
- • Impaired ability to conceive of, plan, sequence, and execute novel actions.
- • Viewed as having three components of ideation, planning, and execution.
What functional problems result from Postural Disorders?
- Difficulty maintaining seated posture at desk
- Reduced distal control for tool use
- Difficulty extending neck and keeping head up to copy from the board, attend to teacher, or socially engage with peers.
- May impact eye movements (visual motor) due to decreased head stability
- Tire easily during play
- May be fearful / uncomfortable w movements that challenge postural stability
Tx for Postural Disorders:
- Provide opportunities for enhanced vertical or linear vestibular activities (SI Theory); use proprioception to activate tonic (postural extension).
- Provide motivating activities to strengthen postural muscles (biomechanical theory)
What is praxis?
Ayres: “the neurological process by which cognition directs motor action.”
SI literature talks about 3 components of praxis:
- Ideation: figuring out what to do, forming goal
- Planning: choosing strategy to reach goal
- Execution: what we see, the doing of an action
What is the role of sensation in praxis?
“Sensory input from the skin and joints, but especially the skin, helps develop, in the brain, the model or internal scheme of the body’s design as a motor instrument” (Ayres, 1972, pg. 168)
Proprioception: speed, rate, sequence, timing, force, joint position
Tactile: spatial and temporal characteristics of touch, dexterity, manipulation,
Vestibular: posture, balance, occulomotor control, bilateral coordination, projected action sequences
Visual: information about our position in space and the world around us, posture, judge distance/depth
Motor Control / SI theory interact how?
Praxis requires accurate processing in all sensory systems but relies heavily on proprioception for:
- Feedforward, sets us up for action
- Feedback, allows for generalization, improvement, and motor learning.
- Internal: how it felt
- External: what was the outcome
Name the three types of Sensory-Based Dyspraxia:
Bilateral Integration and Sequencing (BIS)
Somatodyspraxia
Ideational dyspraxia
BIS, definition:
Bilateral integration and sequencing (BIS) disorder is a sensory integrative–based dyspraxia in which there is evidence of deficits in vestibular and proprioceptive processing.
BIS, deficits:
- Difficulty planning and sequencing projected action sequences
- Poor timing and rhythm
- Poor anticipatory movement
- Difficulty with Left vs. Right (hand dominance issues)
- Bilateral coordination
- Problems with visual tracking, convergence and saccades are routinely found
- Impaired efficiency of movement
- Difficulty with skipping, jumping jacks, catching/throwing,
- midline crossing (avoid crossing), shoe tying, cutting…
WHY: Hypothesized deficits in vestibular and proprioceptive functioning; poor connectivity between Left and Right side of the brain; postural-ocular deficits.
Somatodyspraxia, defined:
Somatodyspraxia is a sensory integrative–based dyspraxia in which there is evidence of poor processing of somatosensory information (although processing of in other sensory modalities may also be impaired).
Somatodyspraxia, deficits:
Poor anticipatory planning of movements (feedforward) and actions that depend on feedback. Considered more severe than BIS.
- Poor body awareness
- Poor touch discrimination
- Clumsy
- Trip, bump, and knock over
- Delayed self-care
- Can learn a skill but does not generalize
- Poor organization
- Difficulty manipulating or assembling toys
- Often frustrated, poor self-concept
WHY: Hypothesized to result from poor processing of somato-sensory information (tactile, proprioceptive)
Ideational dyspraxia, defined:
Ideational dyspraxia refers to deficits in conceptualizing motor actions due to difficulties recognizing and acting upon object and environmental affordances. Ayres (1985) described ideational apraxia as reflecting impairments in knowing what to do.
Ideational dyspraxia, deficits:
- Children have fewer and/or less complex ideas for actions.
- avoid participation in free play activities, or be followers instead of leaders
- do not recognize which actions object properties afford and often use objects in inappropriate ways
- difficultyrepresentingobjects;creativeand imaginative play is limited.
- May have normal IQ and language abilities, but ideation is strongly linked with cognition
