Sensory Flashcards
thin mucous membrane that covers and protects the eye
conjunctiva
causes of conjunctivitis
allergic
bacterial
chlamydia trachomatis
types of conjunctivitis that can be spread to another?
only infectious so not allergic
Allergic Conjunctivitis Assessment:
Sensation of burning, “bloodshot” appearance, excessive tears, itching
bacterial conjunctivitis assessment
Blood vessel dilation, edema, tears, discharge (watery then mucus)
interventions for bacterial conjunctivitis
Obtain cultures, Antibiotic eyedrops, prevent spread of infection,
Wash hands
Do not share washcloths and towels
Discard makeup and contacts used at time infection began
Chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia
Trachoma
assessment of trachoma
Similar to bacterial conjunctivitis at first > follicles form on upper eyelid, eyelid scars, turns inward and lashes damage the cornea
trachoma interventions
Antibiotic therapy (oral azithromycin), tetracycline eye ointment, infection control
conjunctivitis that can lead to blindness
trachoma
Lens opacity/ lens cloudiness
cataract
the clear portion of the eye that helps to focus images onto the retina
lens
what are cataracts? primary cause?
> With aging (and with various conditions like sun exposure), the lens changes and areas of cloudiness form.
The areas can get larger over time (water loss, protein clumping), obstructing vision
risk factors for cataracts
**Age Injury **Sun exposure --> wear sunglasses/hats Family history Diabetes Steroid use Eye disease
vision changes in cataracts
Description of vision --Blurred vision --Decreased color perception --Double vision Activities of daily living difficulties Sensitivity to light "Halos" seen around light Poor night vision
advanced practitioner assessment of cataracts
Absent red reflex +/-
Difficult to view the retina on exam
cataract prevention
wear sunglasses
post op cataract surgery
Post-op eyedrops Avoid sun exposure -Dark lenses/ night patch -Report Pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting - increased ICP Sharp, sudden eye pain Bleeding Green or yellow discharge Lid swelling… -Activity restrictions- avoid things that increase ICP - coughing/sneezing/ straining w/ BM, heavy lifting/ vacuuming -infection education
when do you see vision improvement with cataract surgery?
1 day + 4-6 weeks complete improvement
Group of disorders that cause increased intraocular pressure in the eye with peripheral vision loss
glaucoma
glaucoma patho
- Precise amount of gel and fluid must exist within the eye in order to maintain correct pressure so that eye maintains its ball-shape
- ->Dependent on production and outflow of aqueous humor
- ->If pressure is too high > compression of blood vessels, photoreceptors and nerve fibers > nerve death > blindness
2 types of primary glaucoma
- Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) - most common
- Affects both eyes
- Aqueous humor through chamber angle is reduced –> increase IOP
- Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG/ acute)
- Sudden onset, Forward displacement of the iris Closes chamber angle
- Emergency
most common type of glaucoma
primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)
^^sounds like a chair from ikea
type of glaucoma that is an emergency
-Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG/ acute)
what is secondary glaucoma?
- Identifiable cause (injury, drugs, surgery, inflammation…)
- Associated with systemic disorders
-Aqueous humor through chamber angle is reduced –> increase IOP
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
-Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG/ acute) has ______ onset and …..
-Sudden onset, Forward displacement of the iris > Closes chamber angle
assessment for open angle glaucoma
History Vision may be foggy Mild eye aching Headache Halos *slow Loss of peripheral vision/ no improvement with glasses
PACG - acute assessment
- Severe pain around eyes
- Pain radiates over face
- Reddened sclera
- Foggy cornea
- Dilated, nonreactive pupil
diagnostics for glaucoma
Tonometry- measures IOP: puff of air
>Normal 10-21 mm Hg
>POAG 22-32
>PACG >30
Perimetry- Visual field testing
Gonioscopy- visualize front of eye
Imaging of optic nerve
tonometry :
normal, poag, pacg
> Normal 10-21 mm Hg
POAG 22-32
PACG >30
Visual field testing
Perimetry
test to visualize front of eye
Gonioscopy
test with puff of air in the eye
Tonometry
interventions for glaucoma
Early detection
Ophthalmic drugs: eye drops
Implanted shunt if meds don’t work
education for glaucoma
-Promote Independence
-Drug adherence
-Proper technique:
Wash hands
Punctal occlusion –> prevent systemic exposure
Avoiding wash out
Deterioration of the area of central vision
Macular Degeneration
Most common type of Macular Degeneration
Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration
patho of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration
- Gradual blockage of retinal capillaries
- Retinal cells become ischemic and necrosed
- Central vision declines until all vision is lost
Dry AMD Risk Factors
Smoking Hypertension Gender Short Stature Carotene and Vitamin E low in diet
AMD (wet)
growth of new blood vessels
Exudative MD occurs at
any age
assessment for macular degeneration
Central vision loss/ Eye exam
Amsler grid
Fluorescein angiography and Optical coherence tomography
interventions for macular degeneration
Slowing the disease process/ Monitoring
Pharmacology
Laser therapy: Wet form of macular generation
vision loss nursing priorities
-safety of environment and promote independence
patho of retinal detachments
=Separation of the retina from the epithelium
assessment of retinal detachment
- Sudden and painless
- Photopsia
- Visual field loss corresponds to area of detachment (partial loss)
- Seen as gray bulges in retina or folds in retina
interventions for retinal detachment
-Surgery: Scleral buckling and placement of silicone oil
(General Anesthesia)
-Alleviating stress
-Restrict head movement
post op retinal detachment surgery interventions
- Eye patch (pre/post)
- Restrict head movement
- Avoid reading/ fine eye movements for 2 weeks
retinal detachment complications after surgery
Infection
Detachment again
types of hearing loss
Conductive- sound waves are blocked from contact with inner ear nerve fibers
- From middle ear or external ear damage/ disorder
- Corrected with minimal to no damage
Sensorineural- inner ear sensory nerve is damaged
-Often permanent
Presbycusis=sensorinural that occurs with aging
Combined
sound waves are blocked from contact with inner ear nerve fibers
conductive hearing loss
inner ear sensory nerve is damaged
Sensorineural
type of hearing loss that is often permanent
Sensorineural
type of hearing loss corrected with minimal to no damage
conductive
sensorinural hearing loss that occurs with aging
Presbycusis
Preventing Hearing Loss
- Noise pollution - wear ear phones w/ loud noises
- Ear probing
- Hearing tests
assessment for hearing loss
- History
- Presence of vertigo
- Presence of tinnitus
- High frequency consonants
- Hearing mumbling
- Tuning fork
- Otoscopic exam
- Audiometry
nursing interventions for hearing gloss
Use of assistive devices
Improved communication
Support for family and client
Finding support services
how to use new hearing aid
- Slowly introduce hearing aid – everything is louder including background noise, wear for short period of time each day , don’t go to somewhere loud at first
- Educate on hearing aid care
hearing loss surgery interventions
Infection prevention
Education
Ear-up for 12 hours post-op
priority assessment for sensory loss
communication and anxiety
increase carotin and vitamin E for preventing/treating what disease?
Dry AMD
