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Phys Final > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

consists of nerve fibers that carry information between the CNS and other parts of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

detects, encodes, and transmits peripheral signals to the CNS

A

Afferent division

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3
Q

Stimulation of receptors involves the opening of ______ to depolarize the membrane in order to set off an Action potential

A

ion channels

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4
Q

energy form such as heat, light, sound pressure and chemical changes

A

sensory modalities

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5
Q

retina, (rods and cones) responsive to visible wavelengths of light

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

responsive to mechanical energy

A

mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

__ receptors in muscle fibers and tendons

A

stretch

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8
Q

(conscious and reflex) sensory receptors in joints and muscle spindles

A

proprioception

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9
Q

sensory receptors in tendons to sense the tension on muscles

A

golgi tendon organ

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10
Q

pressure receptors are in the ___

A

skin

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11
Q

hair cell bending in the ear for __ and __

A

sound and balance

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12
Q

__ in certain blood vessels to measure blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

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13
Q

skin, temperature sensitive

A

thermoreceptors

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14
Q

throughout the body to detect changes in osmolarity in body fluid

A

osmoreceptors

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15
Q

taste, smell and O2 and CO2 in certain blood vessels

A

chemoreceptors

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16
Q

these are pain receptors found in skin

A

nociceptive receptors

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17
Q

the translation of external stimulus to action potentials

A

stimulus transduction

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18
Q

receptor potential is a ____ potential, used to initiate an action potential

A

graded

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19
Q

the magnitude of the graded potential determine the _____ of an action potential

A

frequency

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20
Q

language of the nervous system

A

frequency of an action potential

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21
Q

pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation

A

somatosensory pathways

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22
Q

conscious interpretation of external world derived from sensory input, from a PATTERN of nerve impulses delivered to the brain

A

perception

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23
Q

what organ further manipulates the data we perceive

A

cerebral cortex

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24
Q

there is very little lateral inhibition with __ and __

A

pain and temperature fibers

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25
Q

what type of receptors sense rate of change?

A

rapidly adapting receptors

this is the example with you wearing a watch/ring and you feel it when you first put it on and then you dont feel it again until you touch it and get sensation back. rapidly - changed the position of your watch/ring RAPIDLY

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26
Q

what type of receptors use rapidly adapting receptors?!

A

THERMAL AND TACTILE

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27
Q

what type of receptors senses stimulus duration?

A

slowly adapting receptors

YOU ARE SLOW SO YOUR DURATION IS EFFECTED

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28
Q

2 types of thermal receptors

A

warm and cold

DUH

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29
Q

normal body temp

A

37 Degrees C

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30
Q

normal skin temp

A

34 degrees C

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31
Q

what range can you start stimulating thermal PAIN receptors?

A

below 14 degrees C and above 44 degrees C

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32
Q

pain is mediated by __

A

nociceptors

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33
Q

mechanical, sharp objects

A

mechanical nocicpetors

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34
Q

mechanical (dull, achy pain) and chemical

A

polynociceptors

if you are dull and achy then your are poly cause you have multiple things wrong with you like fibromyalgia

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35
Q

lowering of threshold of free nerve endings

A

hyperalgesia

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36
Q

numbness

A

analgesia

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37
Q

unmyelinated fibers are called __

A

C fibers

C isn’t a complete circle so it’s not offering FULL protection

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38
Q

myelinated fibers are called ___

A

A fibers

A for WE WANT A’S cause myelinated is better than unmyelinated (C’s, Yuck!)

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39
Q

fastest myelinated fiber

A

A alpha

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40
Q

slowest myelinated fiber

A

Alpha gamma

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41
Q

what type of motor neurons are in the ventral horn of spinal cord carrying A ALPHA

A

alpha

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42
Q

what type of motor neurons are in the ventral horn of spinal cord carrying A GAMMA

A

gamma

43
Q

any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort

A

reflex

44
Q

the stretch reflex is monosynaptic/polysynaptic

A

monosynaptic

45
Q

the flexor withdrawl reflex is monosynaptic/polysynaptic

A

polysynaptic

46
Q

extensors of opposite limb contract, pushing the body AWAY from the pain stimulus

A

crossed extensor reflex

47
Q

righting reflex and walking reflex are located where within the body?

A

spinal card

48
Q

in associated with food intake, influence flow of ______ and affect appetitie

A

digestive juices

49
Q

where are taste buds?

A

oral cavity and throat

50
Q

taste receptors have life span of ___

A

10 days

WOW!

51
Q

___ consists of taste pore and taste receptor cell

A

taste bud

52
Q

opening through which fluids in mouth come into contact with surface of receptor cells

A

taste pore

53
Q

modified epithelial cells with surface folds called MICROVILLI

plasma membrane of microvilli contain receptors sites that bind selectively with chemical molecules

A

taste receptor cells

54
Q

taste provoking chemical

A

tastant

55
Q

binding of tastant with receptor cell alters cell’s ____ to produce depolarizing receptor potential

A

ionic channel

56
Q

signals conveyed via synaptic stops in brain stem and thalamus to ____________

A

cortical GUSTATORY area

she loves bullshit like this

57
Q

5 primary tastes

A 
Salty
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Umani
58
Q

stimulated by chemical salts, especially NaCl

A

salty

59
Q

caused by acids which contain a free hydrogen ion

A

sour

60
Q

evoked by configuration of Glucose

A

sweet

61
Q

brought about by more chemically diverse groups of tastants, examples: alkaloids, toxic plant derivatives, poisonous substances

A

bitter

62
Q

meaty or savory taste, trigger by GLUTAMATE

A

umami

63
Q

influenced by information derived from other receptors, especially odor

A

taste perception

64
Q

__ and __ of food influence taste

A

temp and texture

65
Q

__ receptors in nose are specialized endings of renewable afferent neurons

A

olfactory

66
Q

olfactory mucosa contains 3 cell types:

A

olfactory receptor cell
supporting cells
basal cells

67
Q

afferent neuron whose receptor portion is in olfactory mucosa in nose and afferent axon traverses into brain, axons of olfactory receptor cells collectively form olfactory nerve

A

olfactory receptor cell

68
Q

secrete mucous

A

supporting cells

69
Q

precursors of new olfactory receptor cells (replaced about every TWO months)

A

basal cells

70
Q

molecules that can be smelled

A

odorants

71
Q

to be smelled, a substance must be __ and __

A

VOLATILE AND WATER SOLUBLE

72
Q

some of ti’s molecules can enter nose in inspired air

A

volatile substance

73
Q

can be dissolved in mucus coating the olfactory mucosa

A

water soluble

74
Q

where are olfactory receptors located?

A

roof of the nasal cavity

RAISE THE ROOF

75
Q

rods and cones are ___

A

photoreceptors

76
Q

photoreceptors transform the ____ energy into electrical signals for transmission to CNS

A

light

77
Q

receptor containing portion is actually an extension of CNS

A

retina

78
Q

neural portion of retina consists of 3 layers of excitable cells

A

outermost - rods and cones
middle - bipolar cells
inner - ganglion cells

79
Q

axons of ganglion cells join to form ____

A

optic nerve

80
Q

point on retina which optic nerve leaves is the __

A

optic disc

81
Q

region often called blind spot because no image can be detected here because of lack of rods and cones

A

optic disc

82
Q

photoreceptors consists of 3 parts

A

outer segment
inner segment
synaptic terminal

83
Q

detects light stimulus, rod shaped in rods, cone shaped in cones, consists of flattened membranous disc containing abundance of light-sensitive photopigment molecules

A

outer segment of photoreceptor

84
Q

how many photoreceptors are in each retina

A

125 million

WOW

85
Q

how many photopigment molecules are there?

A

more than a billion

86
Q

contains metabolic machinery of cell

A

inner segment of photoreceptor

87
Q

transmits signal generated in photoreceptor on light stimulated to next cells in visual pathway

A

synaptic terminal part of photoreceptor

88
Q

undergo chemical alterations when activated by light and leads to generation of action potential in ganglion cells

A

photopigments

89
Q

name the 2 components of photopigments

A

opsin and retinal

90
Q

protein that is integral part of disc membrane

A

opsin

91
Q

derivative of vitamin A and light-absorbing part of photopigment

A

retinal

92
Q

provide vision only in shades of gray

A

rod pigments

93
Q

absorbs all visible wavelengths

A

rhodopsin

94
Q

respons selectively to various wavelengths of light

A

cone pigments

95
Q

what color cones are there? (HINT: they are the same ones thats in your TV/computer screen!!)

A

red
blue
green

96
Q

retina contains 20 times more ____ than ___

A

20 times more RODS than cones

97
Q

most abundant in periphery, respond to dim light of night

A

rods

98
Q

most abundant in macula lutea, lower sensitivity that rods, responds to bright daylight

A

cones

99
Q

can gradually distinguish objects as you enter a dark area, due to the regeneration of rod photopigments that had been broken down by previous light exposure

A

dark adaptation

100
Q

can gradually distinguish objects as you enter an area with more light, due to the rapid breakdown of cone photopigments

A

light adaptation

101
Q

light rays from left half of visual fluid fall on the ____ half of retina of both eyes

A

RIGHT

102
Q

light rays from right half of visual field fall on the __ half of retina of both eyes

A

LEFT

103
Q

fibers from medial side of each retina cross to opposite side, those from lateral side of each retina remain on original side

A

optic chiasm

104
Q

first stop is ____ nucleus of thalalmus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

Phys Final (5 decks)

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