Sensors and Digital Imaging pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

skipped

how does it work?

A

cesium iodide scintillator converts x-rays into visible light
photosensitive pixels convert scintillators light into electrical signals. on-chip circuitry turns electrical signals into digital output
digital data is sent to a computer

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2
Q

digitization
CCD, CMOS types

A

x ray photons cause ionization of pixel silicone; ejected electrons’ are trapped in the pixel similar to the charge in a battery

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3
Q

simplified sensor concept

A

each pixel is like a tiny battery with its charge equal to the number of electrons trapped inside. the computer records the charge in each pixel and converts it into a gray value

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4
Q

— shades of gray

A

256
255- light
0- dark

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5
Q

To be able to manipulate the image, the
computer will turn the voltage signal to

A

numbers and then to shades of gray

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6
Q

All images consist of ‘pixels’ (picture
elements), including (3)

A

human vision,
insect vision and photographs

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7
Q

Each pixel is characterized by
its (2)

A

location and intensity.

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8
Q

Digital computer technology allows for enhancement through the
manipulation of the

A

binary bits of each individual pixel !

011000100011100101001000011110101…

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9
Q

Sensor thickness “sweet spot” is

A

4-
6mm i.e.

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10
Q

— source preferred i,e, not
limited to proprietary software

A

Open

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11
Q

Cost – is related to (2)

A

buying price +
warranty

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12
Q

Size – most come in sizes equivalent
to

A

dental film

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13
Q

Shape – (3)

A

square, rounded or cut (See
product examples)

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14
Q

types of sensors (2)

A

CMOS vs CCD

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15
Q

Resolution
 Pixel size -

A

~ 15 μM (10-6 M)
~ 15 microns (10-6 M)
~ 15 10-3 mm

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16
Q

Line pair resolution
 Actual – visible
 Theoretical – calculated

A
  • > 20 lp/mm
  • > 26 lp/mm
17
Q

CCD
(3)

A

 Older technology
 Require an additional
power via an adjunct box
 Need additional power to
convert the photon energy
to an electronic digital
signal

18
Q

skipped
principle of CCD detector

A

X-ray → scintillating material → light photos → silicon → electrons
deposited in electron wells → transferred in a sequential manner
(charge-coupling) → read-out amplifier → images on monitor

19
Q

first CCD system

A

1988
Radiovisiography
Trophy X-Ray
Vicennes, France
Invented by
Dr. Francis Mouyen

20
Q

skipped
principle of CMOS detector

A

X-ray → scintillating material → light photos → silicon → electrons
deposited in electron wells and converted to voltage in each pixel→
smoother signal digitization → software processing → images on
monitor

21
Q

skipped
CCD-CMOS receptor comparison
Power Consumption
Sensitivity to X rays
Cost to manufacture
Readout
Pixel Signal
Chip output

A

400 mW, 40 mW
High, low
High, medium
Complex, simple
Electrons, Voltage
Voltage (analog), Bit (digital)

22
Q

CMOS
(3)

A

 Newer technology
 Require less power
 Superior image quality

23
Q

bit depth

A

the number of colors (or gray shades) that a pixel is able to show

24
Q

2 (bit) = number of shades of gray

A

1 bit (21) = 2 shades of gray
2 bits (22) = 4 shades of gray
3 bits (23) = 8 shades of gray
4 bits (24) = 16 shades of gray
8 bits (28) = 256 shades of gray
16 bits (216) = 65,536 shades of gray
24 bits (224) = 16.7 million shades of gray

25
extraoral digital radiography CCD and PSP plates have been applied in (2) images
panoramic and plain skull
26
extraoral digital radiography Similar spatial resolution as film-based format :
4 lp/mm
27
extraoral digital radiography Inferior contrast resolution possibly compensated by
manipulation functions
28
skipped extraoral panoramic digital units (2)
Orthophos XG (Sirona) Planmeca ProMax (Planmeca)
29
why is digital imaging appealing? (7)
 Significantly less radiation  Better image (?)  Lower costs — more net income Reduced patient chair time No variable costs: film, chemicals Elimination of the darkroom  Environmentally friendly - less toxic chemicals are disposed into the sewage systems
30
why dental imaging should be appealing (3)
 Electronic communication improves efficiency  Rapid acquisition  Image portability - storage - transmission - duplication