Ionizing radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Matter:

A

Anything that has mass
and occupies a space

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2
Q

The — is the basic unit of all
matter

A

atom

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3
Q

Nucleus:

A

Protons + Neutrons

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4
Q

Atomic number (Z)
(3)
ex

A

▪ Number of protons
▪ Same as #of electrons in a
neutral atom
▪ Determines the identity of the
atom
▪ Example: Ca has 20 protons
(Atomic number is 20)

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5
Q

Atomic mass (A)
(1)

A

▪ Number of protons + neutrons

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6
Q

tugesten

A

184, 74

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7
Q

BINDING ENERGY

A

• The amount of energy
required to remove an
electron from its shell.

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8
Q

BINDING ENERGY
measured in

A

Measured in electron Volts
(eV)

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9
Q

Within a given atom, inner
shells electrons are

A

more
tightly bound (K>L>M, etc)

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10
Q

The electron binding energy is
related to the atomic number.

A

High Z: more protons → Electrons
are more tightly bound.

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11
Q

Electron = protons →

A

Neutral atom

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12
Q

Ionization

A

▪ Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electronfrom an neutral atom

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13
Q

If a neutral atom loses an electron becomes a — ion and the free electron becomes a — ion.

A

positive
negative

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14
Q

To ionize an atom, we need sufficient external energy to overcome the

A

electrostatic forces and free the electron.

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15
Q

Radiation

A

▪ Is the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter

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16
Q

Radiation
It may occur in two forms:

A

wave theory or quantum (particles) theory

17
Q

Wave theory:

A

explains the propagation of radiation

18
Q

Quantum theory:

A

explains the interaction of radiation withmatter.

19
Q

Waves Theory: Electromag. Radiation

A

▪ Propagation of radiation in form of waves (no mass) traveling at the
speed of light

20
Q

Waves Theory: Electromag. Radiation
▪ Why electromagnetic?

A

Movement of energy through space as a
combination of electric and magnetic fields.

21
Q

Wavelength:

A

Distance between two successive crests

22
Q

Frequency:

A

Number of wavelength passing a particular point in time

23
Q

High energy radiation:

A

High frequency, short wavelength

24
Q

Low energy radiation:

A

Low frequency, long wavelength

25
Non-Ionizing
▪ Does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells
26
Ionizing
▪ Have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells
27
Quantum theory:
explains the interaction of radiation with matter.
28
Quantum theory: ▪ Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called ---.
photons
29
▪ Each photon has (3)
energy (eV), mass and travels in straight lines at the speedof light.
30
particles are --- charged (except neutrons and x-rays)
Electrically
31
▪ Energy: Directly proportional to ---, inversely proportional to ---.
frequency wavelength
32
High frequency means short wavelength →
High energy
33
Low frequency means long wavelength →
Low energy
34
Ionizing rate: Linear energy transfer (LET)
▪ Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter
35
Ionizing rate: Linear energy transfer (LET) ▪ Depends on (3)
velocity, charge and size. – Lower velocity, higher charge and bigger size →Greater LET – Higher LET: Less penetration because they lose their energy after short distances
36
What are X-rays?
▪ They are weightless* packages of pure energy (photons) without an electrical charge which travel in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light (3x108 m/sec) and are able to ionize matter.
37
Properties of X-rays (7)
1. Invisible, weightless*, no electric charge 2. Travels in straight lines. X-ray beam diverges over distance. 3. Travel at the speed of light 4. Highly penetrating (short wavelengths) 0.01 nm to 0.1 nm 5. Differentially absorbed by matter 6. Can ionize matter 7. Produce biological changes
38
Excitation (2)
▪ When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, e- is NOT ejected ▪ Receiving e- is raised to higher energy level within the orbit. Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level