Sensorimotor Development Flashcards
What are Piaget’s 4 stages:
Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves
Preoperational (2-6)
Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves
Concrete Operational (6-12)
They can add and subtract
Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves
Formal Operational
What skills need intact sensory processing?
Sensorimotor skills:
What is the awareness of where your body is and space in relation to other objects you want to come in contact with in the environment (pick up a cup)
-planning movement
-thinking of how heavy an object is (tactile sensation)
which will help determine the strength used to pick it up by incorporating info around you
Proprioception
Which part of the model involves image of a mug on the table and a sense of your hand in space?
Sensory systems:
visual and proprioceptive system
Which part of the model specifies where the mug is, its size and other task relevant info?
State Estimation
Which part of the model involves how to process the goal of picking up the mug into a motor-commanding task?
Inverse Model
Which part of the model involves the action of picking up the mug and muscle action/ memory?
Motor Execution
Which part of the model generates a prediction of the expected sensory input (of I am going to pick up the mug because I have experience with doing this action)? The actual sensory input is compared with the predictor sensory input to allow rapid detection in correction of errors.
Forward Model (predictor)
What can go wrong within this model?
Step 1- If we lack proprioception (step 1) we will not be able to create an accurate state estimation specifying task relevant information (step 2).
Step 4- Deficits in the Forward model (step 4) would result in difficulties in making rapid corrections for movement
Step 3- Impairments in inverse model (step 3) would result in longer reaction times before a movement is performed (to formute a motor plan)
Learning means updating which components of the model?
Which 3 components of this model result in deficits in motor learning and the ability to adapt movement across development
What are the 2 main disorders associated with sensorimotor development?
Overlap between these 2 disorders
Which disorder is this?
ASD
Which disorder is this?
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)/ Dyspraxia
True or false:
Adults with autism are significantly more likely to have DCD/ dyspraxia than the general population?
True
True or false:
Autistic people tend to have higher levels of self-reported traits compared to non autistic people (eg. in table)
True
Which 2 conditions have extreme overlap, both having difficulties with social and communicative skills and empathy extending into adulthood?
ASD and DCD
True or false:
Adults with DCD/ Dyspraxia have significantly lower autistic traits and higher empathy than controls?
False
significantly higher autistic traits and lower empathy
What 2 things are Sensorimotor skills important for?
The development of social skills and empathy
Name 4 impacts of motor difficulties:
-Imitation
-Speech sound production
-Emotion recognition
-Anxiety in response to social interaction
80% of autistic people have which type of difficulties?
An additional 10% have which type of difficulties?
definite motor difficulties
borderline motor difficulties
-both present from early infancy (14.7 months)
Hypersensitivity to ones environment and its sounds, tastes and textures presented as overwhelming is in which type of difficulty in people with autism?
Sensory difficulties
-also includes Hyposensitivity (insensitive to hot, cold, pain)
True or false:
There is a high prevalence of sensory difficulties in autistic people?
True
True or false:
There is a high prevalence of proprioceptive impairment (determining where your body is in space) in autistic people?
True
There are increased rates of synaesthesia in autistic people. What does this mean?
ones sensory modality triggers another (experiences colours as tastes)
True or false:
Autistic people are slower at detecting hidden figures/ shapes in pictures?
False, they are quicker
-This is evidence for superior visual processing of details
What are RRB’s?
repetitive behaviours or motor movements (hand flapping, same route to school, same clothes). It is a coping mechanism to deal with changes in the environment.
Violating these routines can cause great distress
-what time is it
-intolerance of uncertainty
Name 2 types of judgments we can make?
- Babies can distinguish this as little as 3 months
Sensorimotor difficulties:
Autistic children have marked sensory and motor difficulties
compared to those without autism
Sensorimotor skills, such as catching a ball, most strongly associated with a number of autism symptoms across measures in both groups
True of false:
Sensorimotor skills (as opposed to sensory or motor alone) more strongly predict social and communication skills regardless of autism diagnosis?
True
Name the impacts of sensory difficulties:
Repetitive and restrictive behaviours RRB’s and Anxiety
Autistic children have difficulty in distinguishing which type of motion?
Biological motion
-Can detect coherent motion of wind and the snow in one direction though
Rubber hand illusion in autistic adults showed what results?
Autistic adults did experience the rubber hand illusion,
BUT were less sensitive to visual-tactile discrepancies
Less proprioceptive drift (impact) to the rubber hand than controls
Name a Sensorimotor integration in autism:
Eye movements
-Autistic people are less accurate when moving their eyes to a
new target and slower to initiate an eye movement
-Difficulties coordinating hand and eye movements
Rubber hand illusion
-Autistic children less susceptible, had delayed susceptibility to the illusion (6 minutes)
Reduced empathy = less susceptible
Reduced ability to integrate visual and tactile information
Mirror drawing
-visual-spatial information processing deficits may contribute to important functional motor coordination deficits in autistic people
Autistic people heavily rely on which type of feedback?
Proprioceptive feedback, and have trouble with integrating this with visual information.
Which brain region has been associated with difficulties incorporating visual cues in motor learning and is connected to error-reducing functions?
Cerebellum
In autistic people, there is decreased activation in which brain region during motor tasks?
Cerebellum
Where does Sensorimotor Integration Occur?
Purkinje Cells in Cerebellum (Sensorimotor Neurons)
-The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA
+
The main excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate are released
-Glutamate is known to increase the firing of neurons =
increasing sensory feedback
-GABA is known to decrease the firing of neurons =
reducing and inhibiting sensory feedback
In Autistic people there is an imbalance between which neurotransmitters?
imbalance of GABA production and GABA receptors and increased glutamate present
-can explain hypersensitivity to environment
Impact of sensorimotor difficulties in autism:
social learning opportunities - social skills
-social imitation
-looking quickly to socially pertinent cues
-coordination of gesture eye contact and speech
Repetitive motor mannerisms, insistence on sameness, stereotypies
Which type of difficulties are the first area of concern early in development (14.7 months) prior to obtaining an autism diagnosis?
Sensory and motor difficulties
