Sensorimotor Development

Question 1

What are Piaget’s 4 stages:

Answer 1

Question 2

Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves

Answer 2

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Question 3

Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves

Answer 3

Preoperational (2-6)

Question 3

Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves

Answer 3

Concrete Operational (6-12)

They can add and subtract

Question 4

Piaget’s 4 stages:
Which stage involves

Answer 4

Formal Operational

Question 4

What skills need intact sensory processing?

Answer 4

Question 5

Sensorimotor skills:
What is the awareness of where your body is and space in relation to other objects you want to come in contact with in the environment (pick up a cup)
-planning movement
-thinking of how heavy an object is (tactile sensation)
which will help determine the strength used to pick it up by incorporating info around you

Answer 5

Proprioception

Question 6

Which part of the model involves image of a mug on the table and a sense of your hand in space?

Answer 6

Sensory systems:
visual and proprioceptive system

Question 7

Which part of the model specifies where the mug is, its size and other task relevant info?

Answer 7

State Estimation

Question 8

Which part of the model involves how to process the goal of picking up the mug into a motor-commanding task?

Answer 8

Inverse Model

Question 9

Which part of the model involves the action of picking up the mug and muscle action/ memory?

Answer 9

Motor Execution

Question 10

Which part of the model generates a prediction of the expected sensory input (of I am going to pick up the mug because I have experience with doing this action)? The actual sensory input is compared with the predictor sensory input to allow rapid detection in correction of errors.

Answer 10

Forward Model (predictor)

Question 11

What can go wrong within this model?

Answer 11

Step 1- If we lack proprioception (step 1) we will not be able to create an accurate state estimation specifying task relevant information (step 2).

Step 4- Deficits in the Forward model (step 4) would result in difficulties in making rapid corrections for movement

Step 3- Impairments in inverse model (step 3) would result in longer reaction times before a movement is performed (to formute a motor plan)

Question 12

Learning means updating which components of the model?

Answer 12

Question 13

Which 3 components of this model result in deficits in motor learning and the ability to adapt movement across development

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the 2 main disorders associated with sensorimotor development?

Answer 14

Overlap between these 2 disorders

Question 15

Which disorder is this?

Answer 15

ASD

Question 16

Which disorder is this?

Answer 16

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)/ Dyspraxia

Question 17

True or false:

Adults with autism are significantly more likely to have DCD/ dyspraxia than the general population?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or false:

Autistic people tend to have higher levels of self-reported traits compared to non autistic people (eg. in table)

Answer 18

True

Question 18

Which 2 conditions have extreme overlap, both having difficulties with social and communicative skills and empathy extending into adulthood?

Answer 18

ASD and DCD

Question 18

True or false:

Adults with DCD/ Dyspraxia have significantly lower autistic traits and higher empathy than controls?

Answer 18

False

significantly higher autistic traits and lower empathy

Question 19

What 2 things are Sensorimotor skills important for?

Answer 19

The development of social skills and empathy

Question 19

Name 4 impacts of motor difficulties:

Answer 19

-Imitation
-Speech sound production
-Emotion recognition
-Anxiety in response to social interaction

Question 20

80% of autistic people have which type of difficulties? An additional 10% have which type of difficulties?

Answer 20

definite motor difficulties borderline motor difficulties -both present from early infancy (14.7 months)

Question 21

Hypersensitivity to ones environment and its sounds, tastes and textures presented as overwhelming is in which type of difficulty in people with autism?

Answer 21

Sensory difficulties -also includes Hyposensitivity (insensitive to hot, cold, pain)

Question 22

True or false: There is a high prevalence of sensory difficulties in autistic people?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or false: There is a high prevalence of proprioceptive impairment (determining where your body is in space) in autistic people?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

There are increased rates of synaesthesia in autistic people. What does this mean?

Answer 24

ones sensory modality triggers another (experiences colours as tastes)

Question 25

True or false: Autistic people are slower at detecting hidden figures/ shapes in pictures?

Answer 25

False, they are quicker -This is evidence for superior visual processing of details

Question 25

What are RRB's?

Answer 25

repetitive behaviours or motor movements (hand flapping, same route to school, same clothes). It is a coping mechanism to deal with changes in the environment. Violating these routines can cause great distress -what time is it -intolerance of uncertainty

Question 26

Name 2 types of judgments we can make? - Babies can distinguish this as little as 3 months

Answer 26

Question 26

Sensorimotor difficulties: Autistic children have marked sensory and motor difficulties compared to those without autism Sensorimotor skills, such as catching a ball, most strongly associated with a number of autism symptoms across measures in both groups True of false: Sensorimotor skills (as opposed to sensory or motor alone) more strongly predict social and communication skills regardless of autism diagnosis?

Answer 26

True

Question 26

Name the impacts of sensory difficulties:

Answer 26

Repetitive and restrictive behaviours RRB's and Anxiety

Question 27

Autistic children have difficulty in distinguishing which type of motion?

Answer 27

Biological motion -Can detect coherent motion of wind and the snow in one direction though

Question 28

Rubber hand illusion in autistic adults showed what results?

Answer 28

Autistic adults did experience the rubber hand illusion, BUT were less sensitive to visual-tactile discrepancies Less proprioceptive drift (impact) to the rubber hand than controls

Question 28

Name a Sensorimotor integration in autism:

Answer 28

Eye movements -Autistic people are less accurate when moving their eyes to a new target and slower to initiate an eye movement -Difficulties coordinating hand and eye movements Rubber hand illusion -Autistic children less susceptible, had delayed susceptibility to the illusion (6 minutes) Reduced empathy = less susceptible Reduced ability to integrate visual and tactile information Mirror drawing -visual-spatial information processing deficits may contribute to important functional motor coordination deficits in autistic people

Question 29

Autistic people heavily rely on which type of feedback?

Answer 29

Proprioceptive feedback, and have trouble with integrating this with visual information.

Question 29

Which brain region has been associated with difficulties incorporating visual cues in motor learning and is connected to error-reducing functions?

Answer 29

Cerebellum

Question 30

In autistic people, there is decreased activation in which brain region during motor tasks?

Answer 30

Cerebellum

Question 30

Where does Sensorimotor Integration Occur?

Answer 30

Purkinje Cells in Cerebellum (Sensorimotor Neurons) -The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA + The main excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate are released -Glutamate is known to increase the firing of neurons = increasing sensory feedback -GABA is known to decrease the firing of neurons = reducing and inhibiting sensory feedback

Question 31

In Autistic people there is an imbalance between which neurotransmitters?

Answer 31

imbalance of GABA production and GABA receptors and increased glutamate present -can explain hypersensitivity to environment

Question 31

Impact of sensorimotor difficulties in autism:

Answer 31

social learning opportunities - social skills -social imitation -looking quickly to socially pertinent cues -coordination of gesture eye contact and speech Repetitive motor mannerisms, insistence on sameness, stereotypies

Question 31

Which type of difficulties are the first area of concern early in development (14.7 months) prior to obtaining an autism diagnosis?

Answer 31

Sensory and motor difficulties