Reading + Spelling Flashcards
We have not evolved any neurological biological mechanisms to read and wright due to it being recent (only 600yrs)
Information processing:
We have to understand the association between print, meaning, speech, and the context can affect the meaning of the word
What does a child use to sound out the words, to break down words into its constituents?
Phonological Skills
-Start to build up a vocabulary of words
-Reading comprehension improves
Reading comprehension:
Reading Comprehension & Accuracy are positively correlated in early reading acquisition.
eg. correctly sounding out the word links it to its semantics
Automatic reading gives resources for comprehension
Vocabulary breadth & depth
Morphology (study of words) eg. Plays playing
Syntax (rules about how sentences are structured)
These become automatic over time the more a child reads
What 2 things become automatic over time the more a child reads?
Syntax
rules about how sentences are structured
Morphology
(study of words) eg. Plays playing
rules about how sentences are structured are known as
Syntax
(study of words) eg. Plays playing is known as
Morphology
Processing in early development:
Children move on to reading for meaning rather than effortful decoding as children think about the structure of the sentence
Name the 2 stages:
Stages:
1- Word reading = word recognition & decoding
2- Word reading = recognition, decoding & vocab for meaning
How do children read?
May know similar words like dog then be able to sound out dog
it has common units of other words by chunking methods
Recognise Letters (from memory) hog/dog
Decode Sounds (grapheme-phoneme) intresting
Analogise to known words (smaller units of word mapping to sound)
Predict words from grapho-phonemic context
Memory & Semantic Context (yacht memorise word)
What is the process of smaller units of word mapping to sound?
Analogise to known words
When learning to spell:
Children need to work out the written word form
The meaning
The pronunciation
What is the effect of Practice?
If you give children spelling practices, it improves both spelling and reading
Reading only does not improve both spelling and reading (just reading)
It strengthens a child’s autographic representation of memory
Does spelling or reading strengthen a child’s autographic representation of memory
reading
Which model expresses 3 routes of
Lexical Semantic = mental dictionary of Orthographic written words
Lexical non-semantic
Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion (GPC) = (children use this route) c a t is CAT sounding it out loud
The Dual Route Cascaded Model
-Model acknowledges we do not have to know meaning of a word in order to know how to pronounce it
-Everything happens at the same time Units (e.g. letters) within each part through Excitation & inhibition
The Dual Route Cascaded Model:
Name its 3 main routes
Lexical Semantic = mental dictionary of Orthographic written words and their semantic meaning is known
Lexical non-semantic= mental dictionary of Orthographic written words with unknown semantic meaning
Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion (GPC) = (children use this route) c a t is CAT sounding it out loud
The Dual Route Cascaded Model:
You see the visual units which are extracted from the printed words
as well as letter units
Which pathway involves a mental dictionary of Orthographic written words and knowledge of what all the words look like?
What pathway does it lead to?
The Orthographic Input Lexicon (C A T is Cat)
leads to
The Phonological Output Lexicon (what the word sounds like)
Which model acknowledges that individuals do not have to know the meaning of a word (semantic value) in order to identify the word (Orthographic Input Lexicon) thus creating 2 separate pathways of learning?
The Dual Route Cascaded Model
Thus a Lexical semantic and Lexical non-semantic are formed
The Dual Route Cascaded Model:
Which pathway represents:
What a word looks like?
What a word sounds like?
What a word means?
Looks like = Orthographic Input Lexicon
Sounds like = Phonological Output Lexicon
Meaning of word = Semantic system (separate from 2 above)
Which route is this in the Coltheart Dual Route Cascaded Model?
Orthographic Input Lexicon> Phonological Output Lexicon> Semantic system
Lexicon Semantic
- used when you know the meaning of the word
What is Phonological Awareness?
Awareness of sounds in words
c a t cat
Pen Pipe
Is there a /n/ sound?
Do they begin the same?
Do they rhyme with “Ten”?
What is the first sound
What / how many sounds can you hear in the words?
What do these sounds make?
What do you get if you remove the /p/ sound from Pen?
Ask children about their understanding of what the smallest sounds are.
Which route is this in the Coltheart Dual Route Cascaded Model?
Lexical non-semantic
-use for irregular words that dont follow a semantic meaning represented by letter sound
Name the 4 Models of Reading & Spelling Development:
1- Coltheart Dual Route Cascaded Model
2- Frith Stages model
3- Ehri Phases model
4- Gntry Spelling
Which route is this in the Coltheart Dual Route Cascaded Model?
Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion (GPC)
-used for words like tegwop, that are novel and follow the rules of writing
-(effortful route) as you have to sound them out loud
The Coltheart Dual Route Cascaded Model can explain which disorder?
Dyslexia
Which component/ route would be used to pronounce the word Yacht?
Orthographic input lexicon (Phonological route)
Difficulties in reading non-words (tegwop) due to difficulties manipulating parts of sounds and words is known as?
Phonological dyslexia
Route affected: Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion (GPC)
