senses pt 2-from the guide Flashcards
1
Q
two types of senses
A
specialized and general
2
Q
general senses
A
*Receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body
*Skin, various organs, and joints
3
Q
specialized senses
A
*Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head
*Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth
4
Q
sensation
A
*Occurs when action potentials make the brain aware of a sensory event
*Example: Awareness of pain
5
Q
Perception:
A
Occurs when brain interprets sensory impulses
* Example: Realizing that pain is a result of stepping on a tack
6
Q
projection
A
Process in which cerebral cortex interprets sensation as being derived from certain receptors
* Brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
* It allows a person to locate the region of stimulation
7
Q
receptors
A
Brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
* It allows a person to locate the region of stimulation
8
Q
sensory adaptation
A
Ability to ignore unimportant (or continuous) stimuli
9
Q
5 types of sensory adaptation in the body
A
chemoreceptors, pain (nocireceptors), Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors
10
Q
chemoreceptors
A
- Respond to changes in chemical concentrations
- Smell, taste, oxygen concentration
11
Q
pain (nocioreceptors)
A
Respond to tissue damage
* Mechanical, electrical, thermal energy
12
Q
pain receptors consist of
A
free nerve endings
13
Q
pain receptors are
A
widely distributed
14
Q
pain receptors are stimulated by
A
tissue damage, chemicals, mechanical forces, or extremes in temperature, oxygen deficiency Adapt very little, if at all
15
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
respond to moderate changes in temp
16
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
Respond to mechanical forces that distort receptor
Touch, tension, blood pressure, stretch
17
Q
types of mechanoreceptors
A
proprioceptors and baroceptors
18
Q
Proprioceptors
A
Mechanoreceptors that send information to CNS about body position, and length and tension of skeletal muscles.
19
Q
main types of proprioceptors
A
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs
20
Q
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles
A
Pressure receptors in joints
21
Q
muscle spindles
A
Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles
*Initiate stretch reflexes, in which spindle stretch causes muscle contraction
22
Q
golgi tendon organs
A
Stretch receptors in tendons; Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes
23
Q
baroreceptors
A
mechanoreceptors that pick up on pressure changes (like in the kidneys)
24
Q
photo receptors
A
respond to light
25
what type of receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensations
pain receptors
26
Pain receptors in viscera respond differently to stimulation than those of
surface tissues.
27
what is it called when visceral pain feels like its coming from somewhere eles in the body
reffered pain
28
Example of referred pain
Heart pain often feels like it is coming from the left shoulder or medial portion of left arm
29
what causes referred pain
common nerve pathways, in which sensory impulses from the visceral organ and a certain area of the skin synapse with the same neuron in the CNS
30
types of special senses
smell, taste, hearing/equillibrium, and sight
31
smell
olfactory organs in the nasal cavity
32
olfactory receptor cells are
chemoreceptors
33
Olfactory organs cover upper parts of what?
nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum
34
Odorants may bind to any of almost 400 types of
olfactory membrane receptors, resulting in depolarization and action potentials
35
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through
openings in cribriform plates of ethmoid bone
36
Limbic system, center for memory and emotion, provides emotional responses to
certain odorant molecules
37
taste
Taste buds in oral cavity (Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory))
38
Taste buds:
Organs of taste
39
Organs of taste
*Located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks, and walls of pharynx
*About 10,000 taste buds, each with 50 to 150 taste cells
40
taste receptors
chemoreceptors
41
taste cells are
modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
42
Taste cells are replaced every
3 days
43
sweet
Stimulated by carbohydrates
44
sour
Stimulated by acids (H+)
45
salty
Stimulated by salts (Na+ or K+)
46
bitter
Stimulated by many organic compounds, Mg and Ca salts
47
umami
Stimulated by some amino acids
48
hearing and equilibrium
ear
49
parts of the outer ear
auricle (pinna), External acoustic meatus, Tympanic membrane (Eardrum, auditory (eustachian) tube
50
parts of middle ear
tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, and oval window
51
tympanic cavity
Air-filled space in temporal bone
52
auditory ossicles
3 tiny bones (Malleus, incus, and stapes) (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
53
auditory ossicles vibrate in response to
tympanic membrane vibrations; amplify force
54
oval window
Opening in wall of tympanic cavity
55
stapes vibrate against oval wall to?
move fluids in inner ear
56
auditory (eustachian) tube
*Connects middle ear to throat
* Helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
*Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat
57
part of inner ear
osseus (boney) labrynth, Membranous labyrinth
58
osseus (boney) labrynth
Tube of similar shape that lies within osseous labyrinth; Filled with fluid called endolymph
59
Three portions of labyrinths:
Cochlea, Semicircular canal, and vestibule
60
cochlea
functions in hearing
61
semicircular canals
function in dynamic equilibrium
62
vestibule
functions in static equilibrium
63
static equilibrium
Senses position of head when body is not moving
64
dynamic equilibrium
Senses rotation and movement of head and body
65
sight
eyes
66
eyelids
Protects eye from physical damage, prevents excessive light from damaging tissues inside the eye
67
conjunctiva
Mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball
68
- Lacrimal gland (Tear glands):
Secretes tears to wash away dust particles, lubricate the eye, keep conjuctiva and cornea moist
69
what are the 3 layers of the eye wall
*Outer (fibrous) tunic
*Middle (vascular) tunic
*Inner (nervous) tunic
70
outer fibrous tunic
cornea and sclera
71
middle (vascular) tunic
ciliary body, choroid, iris
72
inner (nervous) tunic
fovea centralis, optic disc, and retina
73
cornea
Transparent layer, refracts light rays into pupil
74
sclera
Tough, white outer covering, protects the eyeball from physical damage, covered by conjunctiva
75
ciliary body
Contains ciliary muscles that contract/relax to control the curvature of the lens
76
choroid
Pigmented black to prevent internal reflection of light, contains blood vessels to bring nutrients/oxygen and remove metabolic wastes
77
iris
Controls the amount of light entering the eye
78
the iris is
*Anterior to ciliary body, in front of lens
79
iris pigment
colored part of eye
80
lens
Transparent, circular, biconvex structure, elastic, change shape to refract and focus light onto the retina
81
accommodation
the ability of the eye to adjust the shape of the lens for vision of objects at near and far distances
82
lens thickens and
becomes more convex when focusing on close object
83
lens thins and
becomes flatter when focusing on distant objects
84
pupil
A hole in the center of the iris where light enters
85
Aqeous humor
fluid; Refracts light rays in the front of the eye; nourishes eye and gives the front of the eye shape
86
a buildup of aqueous humor can cause
pressure for the rest of the eye
87
Vitreous Humor:
gel-like substance; Refracts light rays in back of eye; nourishes eye and give back of eye its shape
88
fovea centralis
Largest concentration of cones, where images are usually focused
89
Optic disc:
blind spot; contains no photoreceptors; found where nerve fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve
90
Blind spot
Devoid of photoreceptors and is insensitive to light
91
retina
contains photoreceptors picking up on light
92
retina photoreceptors
cones and rods
93
cones
colors in bright light (pigments of red, green, and blue and shades of yellow
94
rods
black and white in the dark; pick up of levels of light
95
endocrine glands
*Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system
96
endocrine glands are ductless which is why they
secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
97
endocrine means
Internal inspection
98
endocrine hormones
act only on target cells that contain receptors for them
99
exocrine glands
*Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
100
exocrine glands secrete
externally
101
exocrine glands deliver their products
directly to a specific site
102
*Hormones are organic compounds; 2 general types:
Steroid or steroid-like hormones: fat soluble or Non-steroid hormones: water soluble
103
steroids
lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms
104
all steroid hormones are produced from?
cholestrol
105
steroid examples
Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogens), and adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)
106
non steroid; amines
Derived from tyrosine (epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine)
107
nonsteroid, proteins
Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)
108
nonsteroid, peptides
: Short chains of amino acids (ADH, oxytocin)
109
nonsteroid, Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)
110
hormone actions
*Exert effects by altering metabolic processes
111
hormones can
alter enzyme activity
112
hormones may change
change rate of membrane transport of a substance
113
hormones deliver messages by?
binding to their receptors on/in target cell
114
hormones can cause
changes in target cells even in extremely low concentrations
115
*Number of receptors determines strength of
response, and can be changed to alter the response:
116
:increase in number of receptors on target cell, in response to a decrease in hormone level
*Upregulation
117
Decrease in number of receptors on target cell, due to an increase in hormone level
*Downregulation:
118
pituitary gland
master gland
119
anterior lobe
: lobe in the front; connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels
120
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyrotropin
Stimulates the thyroid to release T4
121
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
regulates levels of corticotropin
122
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
gonadotropin
Matures egg in ovary for ovulation (females)
Testosterone production; maturing sperm (males)
123
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotropin
Releases mature egg during ovulation (female)
Helps produces sperm (males)
124
Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates milk production
125
Growth Hormone (GH):
stimulates general growth and cell division
126
Posterior lobe:
lobe in the back; connected to hypothalamus by nerves
127
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
Maintains water when needed; which leads to increased blood volume and blood pressure
128
Oxytocin:
stimulates labor and contractions
129
pineal gland
melatonin, serotonin
130
melatonin
sleep/wake cycle
Higher amounts of melatonin released at night and less during day
131
serotonin
“happy hormone”
Found in the brain and digestive system
Influences pleasant mood
132
Thyroid Gland
: in front of the trachea in the neck region
133
Thyroxine (T3/T4):
helps balance iodine in body (important for metabolism)
Lack of iodine leads to a goiter
134
calcitonin
decreases calcium in the bloodstream by stimulating osteoblasts
135
Parathyroid Gland:
behind the thyroid gland
136
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
helps increase calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts
137
Thymus:
deep within the sternum; as we age, the thymus becomes fat because it is no longer needed as much as childhood
138
thymosins
involved with the immune response
139
Adrenal Glands
on top of the kidneys (2)
140
Cortex:
outer region
141
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
controls electrolyte and fluid balance
142
Glucocorticoids:
effects metabolism (glucose); cortisol is a glucocorticoid that responds to stress and inflammation; other glucocorticoids can help control release of cortisol
143
Androgens:
male sex hormones
144
medulla
middle/inner region
145
Epinephrine (adrenaline): medulla
neurotransmitter
146
Epinephrine (Adrenaline): neurotransmitter
Mobilizes glycogen to break down glucose for energy; sympathetic response
147
Norepinephrine: neurotransmitter
Maintains normal body functions and decreases release of epinephrine
148
pancreas
in between stomach and small intestine
149
pancreas sections
glucagon and insulin
150
glucagon
increases glucose (when blood glucose levels are low)
151
insulin
decreases glucose (when blood glucose levels are high)
152
parts of the gonads
ovaries and testes
153
ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
154
estrogen
stimulates uterus lining to grow/thicken; helps with secondary female sex characteristics
155
progesterone
regulates menses; prepares and maintains pregnancy
156
testes
testosterone
157
testosterone
main male sex hormone; secondary male sex characteristics; helps with muscle growth
