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muscular sysytem > senses pt 2-from the guide > Flashcards

senses pt 2-from the guide Flashcards

1
Q

two types of senses

A

specialized and general

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2
Q

general senses

A

*Receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body
*Skin, various organs, and joints

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3
Q

specialized senses

A

*Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head
*Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

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4
Q

sensation

A

*Occurs when action potentials make the brain aware of a sensory event
*Example: Awareness of pain

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5
Q

Perception:

A

Occurs when brain interprets sensory impulses
* Example: Realizing that pain is a result of stepping on a tack

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6
Q

projection

A

Process in which cerebral cortex interprets sensation as being derived from certain receptors
* Brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
* It allows a person to locate the region of stimulation

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7
Q

receptors

A

Brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
* It allows a person to locate the region of stimulation

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8
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Ability to ignore unimportant (or continuous) stimuli

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9
Q

5 types of sensory adaptation in the body

A

chemoreceptors, pain (nocireceptors), Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors

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10
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • Respond to changes in chemical concentrations
  • Smell, taste, oxygen concentration
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11
Q

pain (nocioreceptors)

A

Respond to tissue damage

* Mechanical, electrical, thermal energy

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12
Q

pain receptors consist of

A

free nerve endings

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13
Q

pain receptors are

A

widely distributed

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14
Q

pain receptors are stimulated by

A

tissue damage, chemicals, mechanical forces, or extremes in temperature, oxygen deficiency Adapt very little, if at all

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15
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to moderate changes in temp

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16
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical forces that distort receptor
Touch, tension, blood pressure, stretch


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17
Q

types of mechanoreceptors

A

proprioceptors and baroceptors

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18
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that send information to CNS about body position, and length and tension of skeletal muscles.

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19
Q

main types of proprioceptors

A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs

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20
Q

lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

A

Pressure receptors in joints

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21
Q

muscle spindles

A

Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles
*Initiate stretch reflexes, in which spindle stretch causes muscle contraction

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22
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

Stretch receptors in tendons; Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes

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23
Q

baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors that pick up on pressure changes (like in the kidneys)

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24
Q

photo receptors

A

respond to light

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25
Q

what type of receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensations

A

pain receptors

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26
Q

Pain receptors in viscera respond differently to stimulation than those of

A

surface tissues.

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27
Q

what is it called when visceral pain feels like its coming from somewhere eles in the body

A

reffered pain

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28
Q

Example of referred pain

A

Heart pain often feels like it is coming from the left shoulder or medial portion of left arm

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29
Q

what causes referred pain

A

common nerve pathways, in which sensory impulses from the visceral organ and a certain area of the skin synapse with the same neuron in the CNS

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30
Q

types of special senses

A

smell, taste, hearing/equillibrium, and sight

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31
Q

smell

A

olfactory organs in the nasal cavity

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32
Q

olfactory receptor cells are

A

chemoreceptors

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33
Q

Olfactory organs cover upper parts of what?

A

nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum

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34
Q

Odorants may bind to any of almost 400 types of

A

olfactory membrane receptors, resulting in depolarization and action potentials

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35
Q

Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through

A

openings in cribriform plates of ethmoid bone

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36
Q

Limbic system, center for memory and emotion, provides emotional responses to

A

certain odorant molecules

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37
Q

taste

A

Taste buds in oral cavity (Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory))

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38
Q

Taste buds:

A

Organs of taste

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39
Q

Organs of taste

A

*Located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks, and walls of pharynx
*About 10,000 taste buds, each with 50 to 150 taste cells

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40
Q

taste receptors

A

chemoreceptors

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41
Q

taste cells are

A

modified epithelial cells that function as receptors

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42
Q

Taste cells are replaced every

A

3 days

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43
Q

sweet

A

Stimulated by carbohydrates

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44
Q

sour

A

Stimulated by acids (H+)

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45
Q

salty

A

Stimulated by salts (Na+ or K+)

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46
Q

bitter

A

Stimulated by many organic compounds, Mg and Ca salts

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47
Q

umami

A

Stimulated by some amino acids

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48
Q

hearing and equilibrium

A

ear

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49
Q

parts of the outer ear

A

auricle (pinna), External acoustic meatus, Tympanic membrane (Eardrum, auditory (eustachian) tube

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50
Q

parts of middle ear

A

tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, and oval window

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51
Q

tympanic cavity

A

Air-filled space in temporal bone

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52
Q

auditory ossicles

A

3 tiny bones (Malleus, incus, and stapes) (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

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53
Q

auditory ossicles vibrate in response to

A

tympanic membrane vibrations; amplify force

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54
Q

oval window

A

Opening in wall of tympanic cavity

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55
Q

stapes vibrate against oval wall to?

A

move fluids in inner ear

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56
Q

auditory (eustachian) tube

A

*Connects middle ear to throat

* Helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
*Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat

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57
Q

part of inner ear

A

osseus (boney) labrynth, Membranous labyrinth

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58
Q

osseus (boney) labrynth

A

Tube of similar shape that lies within osseous labyrinth; Filled with fluid called endolymph

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59
Q

Three portions of labyrinths:

A

Cochlea, Semicircular canal, and vestibule

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60
Q

cochlea

A

functions in hearing

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61
Q

semicircular canals

A

function in dynamic equilibrium

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62
Q

vestibule

A

functions in static equilibrium

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63
Q

static equilibrium

A

Senses position of head when body is not moving

64
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

Senses rotation and movement of head and body

65
Q

sight

A

eyes

66
Q

eyelids

A

Protects eye from physical damage, prevents excessive light from damaging tissues inside the eye

67
Q

conjunctiva

A

Mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball

68
Q
  • Lacrimal gland (Tear glands):
A

Secretes tears to wash away dust particles, lubricate the eye, keep conjuctiva and cornea moist

69
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye wall

A

*Outer (fibrous) tunic
*Middle (vascular) tunic
*Inner (nervous) tunic

70
Q

outer fibrous tunic

A

cornea and sclera

71
Q

middle (vascular) tunic

A

ciliary body, choroid, iris

72
Q

inner (nervous) tunic

A

fovea centralis, optic disc, and retina

73
Q

cornea

A

Transparent layer, refracts light rays into pupil

74
Q

sclera

A

Tough, white outer covering, protects the eyeball from physical damage, covered by conjunctiva

75
Q

ciliary body

A

Contains ciliary muscles that contract/relax to control the curvature of the lens

76
Q

choroid

A

Pigmented black to prevent internal reflection of light, contains blood vessels to bring nutrients/oxygen and remove metabolic wastes

77
Q

iris

A

Controls the amount of light entering the eye

78
Q

the iris is

A

*Anterior to ciliary body, in front of lens

79
Q

iris pigment

A

colored part of eye

80
Q

lens

A

Transparent, circular, biconvex structure, elastic, change shape to refract and focus light onto the retina

81
Q

accommodation

A

the ability of the eye to adjust the shape of the lens for vision of objects at near and far distances

82
Q

lens thickens and

A

becomes more convex when focusing on close object

83
Q

lens thins and

A

becomes flatter when focusing on distant objects

84
Q

pupil

A

A hole in the center of the iris where light enters

85
Q

Aqeous humor

A

fluid; Refracts light rays in the front of the eye; nourishes eye and gives the front of the eye shape

86
Q

a buildup of aqueous humor can cause

A

pressure for the rest of the eye

87
Q

Vitreous Humor:

A

gel-like substance; Refracts light rays in back of eye; nourishes eye and give back of eye its shape

88
Q

fovea centralis

A

Largest concentration of cones, where images are usually focused

89
Q

Optic disc:

A

blind spot; contains no photoreceptors; found where nerve fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve

90
Q

Blind spot

A

Devoid of photoreceptors and is insensitive to light

91
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors picking up on light

92
Q

retina photoreceptors

A

cones and rods

93
Q

cones

A

colors in bright light (pigments of red, green, and blue and shades of yellow

94
Q

rods

A

black and white in the dark; pick up of levels of light

95
Q

endocrine glands

A

*Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system

96
Q

endocrine glands are ductless which is why they

A

secrete hormones directly into the body fluids

97
Q

endocrine means

A

Internal inspection

98
Q

endocrine hormones

A

act only on target cells that contain receptors for them

99
Q

exocrine glands

A

*Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface

100
Q

exocrine glands secrete

A

externally

101
Q

exocrine glands deliver their products

A

directly to a specific site

102
Q

*Hormones are organic compounds; 2 general types:

A

Steroid or steroid-like hormones: fat soluble or Non-steroid hormones: water soluble

103
Q

steroids

A

lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms

104
Q

all steroid hormones are produced from?

A

cholestrol

105
Q

steroid examples

A

Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogens), and adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)

106
Q

non steroid; amines

A

Derived from tyrosine (epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine)

107
Q

nonsteroid, proteins

A

Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)

108
Q

nonsteroid, peptides

A

: Short chains of amino acids (ADH, oxytocin)

109
Q

nonsteroid, Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)

110
Q

hormone actions

A

*Exert effects by altering metabolic processes

111
Q

hormones can

A

alter enzyme activity

112
Q

hormones may change

A

change rate of membrane transport of a substance

113
Q

hormones deliver messages by?

A

binding to their receptors on/in target cell

114
Q

hormones can cause

A

changes in target cells even in extremely low concentrations

115
Q

*Number of receptors determines strength of

A

response, and can be changed to alter the response:

116
Q

:increase in number of receptors on target cell, in response to a decrease in hormone level

A

*Upregulation

117
Q

Decrease in number of receptors on target cell, due to an increase in hormone level

A

*Downregulation:

118
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland

119
Q

anterior lobe

A

: lobe in the front; connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels

120
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

thyrotropin
Stimulates the thyroid to release T4

121
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

regulates levels of corticotropin

122
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):

A

gonadotropin
Matures egg in ovary for ovulation (females)
Testosterone production; maturing sperm (males)

123
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

gonadotropin
Releases mature egg during ovulation (female)
Helps produces sperm (males)

124
Q

Prolactin (PRL):

A

stimulates milk production

125
Q

Growth Hormone (GH):

A

stimulates general growth and cell division

126
Q

Posterior lobe:

A

lobe in the back; connected to hypothalamus by nerves

127
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

A

Maintains water when needed; which leads to increased blood volume and blood pressure

128
Q

Oxytocin:

A

stimulates labor and contractions

129
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin, serotonin

130
Q

melatonin

A

sleep/wake cycle
Higher amounts of melatonin released at night and less during day

131
Q

serotonin

A

“happy hormone”
Found in the brain and digestive system
Influences pleasant mood

132
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

: in front of the trachea in the neck region

133
Q

Thyroxine (T3/T4):

A

helps balance iodine in body (important for metabolism)
Lack of iodine leads to a goiter

134
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases calcium in the bloodstream by stimulating osteoblasts

135
Q

Parathyroid Gland:

A

behind the thyroid gland

136
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

helps increase calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts

137
Q

Thymus:

A

deep within the sternum; as we age, the thymus becomes fat because it is no longer needed as much as childhood

138
Q

thymosins

A

involved with the immune response

139
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

on top of the kidneys (2)

140
Q

Cortex:

A

outer region

141
Q

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)

A

controls electrolyte and fluid balance

142
Q

Glucocorticoids:

A

effects metabolism (glucose); cortisol is a glucocorticoid that responds to stress and inflammation; other glucocorticoids can help control release of cortisol

143
Q

Androgens:

A

male sex hormones

144
Q

medulla

A

middle/inner region

145
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline): medulla

A

neurotransmitter

146
Q

Epinephrine (Adrenaline): neurotransmitter

A

 Mobilizes glycogen to break down glucose for energy; sympathetic response

147
Q

Norepinephrine: neurotransmitter

A

 Maintains normal body functions and decreases release of epinephrine

148
Q

pancreas

A

in between stomach and small intestine

149
Q

pancreas sections

A

glucagon and insulin

150
Q

glucagon

A

increases glucose (when blood glucose levels are low)

151
Q

insulin

A

decreases glucose (when blood glucose levels are high)

152
Q

parts of the gonads

A

ovaries and testes

153
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone

154
Q

estrogen

A

stimulates uterus lining to grow/thicken; helps with secondary female sex characteristics

155
Q

progesterone

A

regulates menses; prepares and maintains pregnancy

156
Q

testes

A

testosterone

157
Q

testosterone

A

main male sex hormone; secondary male sex characteristics; helps with muscle growth

muscular sysytem (5 decks)

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