Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

muscular sysytem > muscular system and nerves > Flashcards

muscular system and nerves Flashcards

1
Q

types of muscle

A

. Smooth: non-striated; involuntary
• Skeletal: striated; voluntary
• Cardiac: striated; involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

facia

A

thin covering of connective tissues around the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tendon

A

Cord-like mass of connective tissue that connects muscle to a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Connective tissue in and closely surrounding a muscle

A

epimysium, endomysium, perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds whole muscle; lies beneath fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

• Perimysium:

A

surrounds fascicles within a muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

• Endomysium:

A

surrounds muscle fibers (cells) within a fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is whole muscle made of

A

fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are fascicles made of

A

Muscle fibers (myocytes or muscle cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

o Muscle fibers have multiple:

A

nuclei and are striated from lines of the sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sacromeres

A

from z-disc to z-disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscle fibers are made of what?

A

Myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Myofibrils look like?

A

Z’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the location of the M-line

A

M-line is located at the middle of the sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are myofibrils made of

A

myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the Myofilaments of proteins

A

actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

actin myofilament is?

A

Thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Myosin filament is

A

thick, Has heads that attach to actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• Sarcomeres

A

Units that connect end-to-end, to make up myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle; stores calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the motor neuron get?

A

a stimulus from the brain and directs this signal to the muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is released at the neuro muscular junction (space between the muscle cell and neuron)

A

the neurotransmitter, ACh (acetylcholine), is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ACh effects cause

A

calcium channels to open up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

calcium binds to

A

troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

calcium

A

is key

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

• Calcium binds to troponin (the lock on actin) and releases the

A

troponin and tropomyosin (“bike chain on actin”) to expose the actin for myosin to attach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

• ATP binds to the myosin head which causes

A

the myosin to cock back and the actin slides across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when myosin cocks back and actin slides past, what is this called

A

The power stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the power stroke do?

A

SHORTENS THE MYFIBRIL AND CAUSES THE MUSCLE FIBERS TO SHORTEN AND THEN THE FASICLES -muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when the neuron impulse stops, what happens?

A

The ACh stops producing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when the ACh stops producing, what happens?

A

Calcium stops releasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when calcium stops releasing what happens

A

troponin and tropomyosin to “lock up” the actin myofilament again until the next contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

• For a contraction needing to last for a longer period of time, the body produces

A

creatine phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is creatine phosphate used for

A

to store energy to use when not enough ATP is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

• Myoglobin

A

protein used to specifically carry oxygen to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the two types of smooth muscle

A

Multi unit and visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Multi unit smooth muscle cells are

A

less organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

multi unit smooth muscle functions as

A

separate units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

multi unit fibers function

A

independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

multi unit is stimulated by

A

neurons and hormones

43
Q

multi unit examples

A

Iris of the eye, walls of the blood vessel

44
Q

visceral smooth muscles cells

A

move as a unit; single unit smooth

45
Q

visceral muscles have sheets of spindle shaped muscle fiber

A
46
Q

visceral fibers are held together by?

A

Gap junctions

47
Q

visceral smooth muscle exhibit

A

rhythmicity

48
Q

visceral smooth muscle conduct

A

peristalsis

49
Q

what is the most common type of smoot muscle

A

visceral smooth muscle

50
Q

where is visceral smooth muscle located

A

the walls of mostly hollow organs

51
Q

Peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contraction that rhythmically push contents through different organs or organ to organ

52
Q

muscle origin

A

describes the attachment of a muscle on the more stable bone.

53
Q

muscle insertion

A

is the attachment of a muscle on the more moveable bone.

54
Q

The muscle that is contracting

A

agonist

55
Q

the muscle that is stretching/relaxing and lengthening

A

antagonist

56
Q

the nervous system has 2 parts called?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

57
Q

PNS has 2 types

A

somatic and autonomic

58
Q

somatic (voluntary)

A

relays info to and from skin and skeletal muscles

59
Q

autonomic (innvoluntary)

A

relays info to internal organs

60
Q

the autonomic has two types called

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

61
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

controls organs in times of stress

62
Q

parasympathetic

A

controls organs when body is at rest

63
Q

central nervous is involved with the

A

brain and spinal cord

64
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

65
Q

nerve

A

A cable-like bundles of axons that make up the peripheral nervous system.

66
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):

A

Controls all involuntary activities not under conscious control like breathing (broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic)

67
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Controls voluntary activities that are under conscious control.

68
Q

what are the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

69
Q

Neuron

A

: The structural and functional units of the nervous system.

70
Q

A neuron consist of four parts

A

cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath

71
Q

There are gaps on the myelin sheath that allow the electrical signal to

A

move along the axon quickly.

72
Q

 Nerve Impulse

A

Electrical signal transmitted by a neuron

73
Q

 Synapse

A

Where an axon terminal meets another neuron cell

74
Q

 Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that transmits signals across synapses from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrites of the next neuron.

75
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory, motor and iterneurons

76
Q

sensory neuron

A

Carry impulses from sensory organs to the brain.

77
Q

motor neurons

A

Carry impulses from the brain to certain muscles and glands, and signals for them to carry out actions.

78
Q

interneurons

A

Carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons.

79
Q

neuroglia

A

Support neurons and produce myelin

80
Q

what type of cells does the neuroglia have

A

microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells.

81
Q

what protects the cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells form myelin sheaths, and satellite cells protect cell bodies.

82
Q

 Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes

A

a type of glial cells that supply myelin to the axons

83
Q

 Ependymal cells

A

produce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

84
Q

 Astrocytes

A

maintain the blood brain barrier and are the most numerous

85
Q

• Nerve impulses occur when

A

there is a change in electrical charge across the membrane of a neuron.

86
Q

• All cells have an electrical charge based on

A

concentration on ions inside and outside of the cell.

87
Q

• Sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) are important in transmitting

A

nerve impulses.

88
Q

• When a neuron is in its resting state (not transmitting any nerve impulses), it has a negative charge at around

A

70 milliVolts (its resting potential).

89
Q

The sodium-potassium pump maintains a difference in charge across the cell membrane–the inside of the

A

neuron is negatively charged compared to outside the cell.

90
Q

what happens during an action potential

A

the charge of a neuron suddenly reverses from negative to positive.

91
Q

o Fisrt step of action potential: Dendrites receive a stimulus

A

usually from the previous neuron

92
Q

second step of action potential: If the stimulus is strong enough, the first sodium channel opens up, allowing Na+ ions to flow into

A

the cell along the concentration gradient.

93
Q

Third step of action potential: This causes other sodium channels to open up one by one, and the nerve impulse is

A

transmitted down the neuron like a wave.

94
Q

fourth step of action potential: To prevent the signal from going backwards,

A

each sodium channel closes after the next one opens.

95
Q

fifth step of action potential: The neuron becomes positively charged, which signals the

A

next neuron to open its sodium channels and pass on the signal.

96
Q

Neurons communicate with each other

A

at synapses

97
Q

types of synapses

A

chemical synapses, electrical synapses

98
Q

chemical synapses

A

: chemical signaling molecules are used as messengers

99
Q

electrical synapses

A

: ions are messengers

100
Q

what happens once a signal reaches the axon terminal

A

a neurotransmitter is released across the synapse

101
Q

 The neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the

A

next neuron and passes on the signal

102
Q

 The neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the

A

next neuron and passes on the signal

103
Q

steps of a reflex arc

A

• Signal is received
• Sensory neuron is activated
• Interneuron passes the info to a motor neuron
• Motor neuron is activated and causes a reaction
• The signal never goes through the brain–it’s just directly executed; that’s what makes reflexes so fast

muscular sysytem (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions