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Intro to psych > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the distal stimulus?

A

An object or event in the outside world

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2
Q

What is the proximal stimulus

A

the energies that reach our sense organs like the pattern of light that reaches us rather than the physical oject

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3
Q

What is psychophysics

A

an approach to perrception that relates the characteristics of physical stimuli to the sensory experiences they produce

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4
Q

absolute threshhold

A

the smallest quantity of a stimulus that an individual can detect

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5
Q

difference threshold

A

the smallest amount that a given stimulus must be increased or decreased so that an individual can detect the difference

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6
Q

What is Weber’s law

A

the observation that the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus

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7
Q

Why is weber law important?

A

can help us compare the sensitivities of different modalities, can help us understand whether the subject detected change

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8
Q

What is Fechner’s law

A

observation that the strength of the sensation is proportional to the logarithmn of physical stimulus intensity
S = kLogI

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9
Q

What is perceptial sensitivity

A

an organism’s ablity to detect a signal

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10
Q

What is the decision criteri

A

An organim’s rule for how much evidence it needs before responding
very crucial that we consider this in experiments

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11
Q

What is the payoff matrix

A

the pattern of benefits and costs associated with certain types of response

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12
Q

what is transdution

A

the process through which the physical stimulu is converted into a signal in the nervous system

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13
Q

what are the aspects of sensory coding

A

pyschological intensity: coded by rate of number of neurons stimulated
sensory quality: for ebtween modalities it is which neurons are stimulated and within modlaities this is either by different neurons (specificity theory) or pattern theory

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14
Q

What is the specificity theory

A

different sensory qualities are signaled by different quality specific neurons. only correct for some cases eg pain

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15
Q

Pattern theory

A

different sessnory qualities are encoded by specific patterns of firing among the relevant neurons

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16
Q

snesory adaptation

A

the process by whichc the sensitivity to a stimulus declines if the stimulus is presented for an extended period of time

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17
Q

vestibular sense

A

the sensations generated by receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear that inform us about the head’s orientation

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18
Q

kinesthesis

A

the sensations generated by receptors in the muscles tendons and joints that inform usof ur skeletal movement

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19
Q

What is one of the best example of labeled line coding

A

skin seses especially pain

20
Q

what are the recpetors that detect pain

A

nociceptors

21
Q

what are the two types of nociceptors

A

1) A delta fibers have rapid transmission and first feeling of pain
2) C fibers are the delayed pain and unmyelinated

22
Q

what is the gate control theory

A

pain sensations must pass through a neural gate in order to reach the brain and can be blocked at the gate by neurons that inhibit the signals rom the nociceptors

23
Q

What are the two aspects of pain and how can they be distinguished

A

phsycial and emotional and they are actually activating different parts of the brain: somatosensory cortex for pain sensation and emotion with pain is in the anterior cingulate

24
Q

How many olfactory receptor neurons are there in each epitheplium of each nostril

A

10 million

25
Q

order of info for smell

A

epithelium -> olfactory sensory neurons -> bone -> olfactory bulb -> glomerulus

26
Q

In taste, there is a direct tastant to receptor relationship

A

Nope receptors perhp react to all tastants to some degree but in different intensties

27
Q

What is frequency of sound waves

A

number of waves per second

28
Q

Eardrum

A

the taut membrane that leads the outer ear (canal) to the ossicles in the middle ear

29
Q

Oval window

A

Separates the middle ear from the inner ear

30
Q

What are the three auditory ossicle bones

A

malleus, incus and stapes

31
Q

air to fluid with sound/

A

difficult to do so that is why we need the amplification process of the outer ear and the middle ear

32
Q

What is the basilar membrane

A

a membrane running the length of the cochlea, sound waves causes a mechanical deformation to the hair cells and stimulates the receptors

33
Q

How many hair cells are there in each ear

A

15,000

34
Q

frequencies and location in the basilar membrane

A

closer to oval window is the higher freq and then further is lower freq but these are just areas of greatest stimulation and not the way todsicrimnate the fre

35
Q

what is another way to determine pitch besides basilar location

A

rate of firing

36
Q

What is the wavelegnth of the visible spectruym

A

750 to 360

37
Q

achromatic vs chromatic

A

colourless vs coloures

38
Q

pathway of signal from photoreceptor (rods and cones)

A

rods and cones -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve -> lateral geniculate (thalamus) -> cortex

39
Q

Why do we need two types of photoreceptors

A

range of light intensities during our lives, we can detect differences in light of max 1:100 billion

40
Q

What is the trade off for sensitivity of rods

A

descreased acuiuty: the ability to perceive detai;

41
Q

Photopigment in rods

A

Rhodopsin

42
Q

Photopigment in cones

A

3 types for RGB colours

43
Q

trichomratic color vision

A

the principle underlying human color vision 3 sets of cones and each maximally sensitive to a different wavelength
consistent with the fact that there are only 3 cones

44
Q

the colour pairs

A

red green, blue green and white and black

45
Q

opponent colour theory

A

three pairs of antagonists, excitation of neurons sesnsitive to one mmer of a pair auto inhibits neurons sensitive to the other pair

46
Q

feature detectors

A

detect elements within the visual apttern regrdless of retinal location

Intro to psych (7 decks)

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