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Intro to psych > Brain and nervous system > Flashcards

Brain and nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

A specialized cell in the nervous system accumulates and transmits information

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the neuron?

A

dendrites -> cell body -> axon and the nodes of ranvier and myelin sheath

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3
Q

How many neurons are in the human body?

A

100 billion about

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4
Q

What is the size range of neuron cell bodies?

A

5 to 100 micron in diameter

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5
Q

What is the longest axon in the human?

A

those of motor neurons which transmit neural impulses from the brain to the muscles

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6
Q

Efferent nuerons

A

nerves that carry messages outward from the central nervovus systems
So the motor neurons carry efferent signals

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7
Q

afferent neurons

A

nerves that carry messages inward toward the CNS

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8
Q

What makes up 99% of the brain’s neurons?

A

projection neurons and interneurons

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9
Q

what are projection neurons?

A

they link one area of the CNS to ome other areas, usually with long axons

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10
Q

what are interneurons

A

make local connections from one neuron to another with usually short axons

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11
Q

What is the form of carb that feeds the neurons?

A

Lactate

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12
Q

What does the glial cells do?

A

1) holding neurons in place
2) provide nourishment to the neurons and controlling the supply
3) sensitive to activity levels and increase blood flow when necessary
4) help with development and migration of neurons
5) create myelin

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13
Q

What is the neuron’s resting potential?

A

-70 mV and this is the difference between the inside and the outside of a neuronal membrane when the neuron is not firing

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14
Q

What is the excitation threshold in mammals?

A

-55mV

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15
Q

How the neuron maintain this difference in potential?

A

different concentration of ions through things like the ion pumps that move more (3) sodium ions out of the cell than potassium ion into the cell. (3:2)
ion channels also help because the ion pumps keep a high concentration of K+ inside the cell, they will diffuse out of the channel

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16
Q

what happens when there is stimulation for action potential?

A

The sodium ion channels open and there is an influx of positive Na ions which depolarizes the membrane

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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time after an action potential during hich a neuron’s cell membrane is unprepared doe the next action potential

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18
Q

What the speed of propagation without myelin

A

1 meter per second

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19
Q

What is the speed of propagation with myelin sheaths?

A

120 meters per second

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20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

when the brain’s own muelinatoin breaks down because of auto immune response

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21
Q

How to tell the difference between weak or strong signals if there is the all or non law

A

rate of firing, the number of neurons being excited

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22
Q

What is the highest rate of firing in the human body

A

1000 impulses per second

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23
Q

what is the trade off of chemical transmission at the synapses

A

there is slower rate but there is added adcantage of having more neurons to communicate and integrate different pieces of information
can have both inhibitory and excitatory signals
Also can summate different weak signals to push over the threshold

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24
Q

What is Otto Loewi’s experiment

A

The frog heart showed that there mus be chemical trnsmission going on

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25
Q

Ach

A

usually at the muscles and can make muscle fibers contract

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26
Q

serotonin

A

sleep mood and arousal

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27
Q

GABA

A

most common inhibitory neurotrasmitter

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28
Q

Glutamate

A

the major excitatory neurotransmitter, important for learning and memory

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29
Q

Norepinephrine

A

arousal level, wakefulness, learning and memory

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30
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, motivation and emotion

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31
Q

What does the lock and key model help with?

A

Selectivity of signals, exact shape of the neurotransmitter must match the receptor

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32
Q

What are agonist

A

drugs that enhance a neurotransmitter’s activity

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33
Q

Antagonist

A

drugs tat impede the activity of a neurotransmitter

34
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

specialized membranes that surround the blood vessels within the brain and filter harmful chemicals out of the brain;s blood supply

35
Q

Endocrine gland: anterior pituitary

A

master gland

36
Q

Endocrine: posterior pituitary

A

prevents loss of water through kidneys

37
Q

endocrine: thyroid

A

affects metabolic rate

38
Q

endocrine: islet cells in pancreas

A

utilization of glucose

39
Q

endocrine: adrenal cortex

A

response to stress, metabolism, immunity and sexual behaviour

40
Q

endocrine: adrenal medulla

A

increases sugar ouput of liver and stimulates the internal organs

41
Q

endocrine: ovaries

A

estrogen produces female sex characteristics and proesterone is important for prep of the uterus

42
Q

endocrine: testes

A

Produces the male sex characteristics

43
Q

what is the difference between communication by neurons and hormones

A

hormones slower and inside the blood and have prolonged effects

44
Q

What is similar between neurons and hromones

A

Both have target destinations and both have some form of chemical messenger

45
Q

What part of pHineas Gage’s brain was injured?

A

Frontal lobes and he suffered from aphasia (disruption of language use)

46
Q

What is TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses repeated magnetic stimulation at the surface of the skull to temp stimulate or disable a target brain region

47
Q

limitation of tms

A

only areas near surface

48
Q

What is ERP

A

Event related potential which is the electrical changes in the brain the correspond to the brain response to a specific event (EEG)

49
Q

What are the two main parts of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

50
Q

What is in the somativ system

A

controls the skeletal muscle and transmits sensory information

51
Q

what are the two parts of the autonomic system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

52
Q

what is the main function of the autonomic system

A

internal organ control

53
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic

A

Sym is the branch responsible for physical exertion and para is for peace, resting state and conserve energy

54
Q

What is the brain stem

A

Has the medulla which is important for breathing for blood circulation, balance and coordination, and head orientationand limb positions
the pons are for attentiveness and the timing of sleep and dreaming

55
Q

function of cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination, spatial reasoning, discriminating sound and integrating visual input

56
Q

midbrain and thalamus

A

relay stations for directing info to the forebrain but midbrain also for pain experience and modulating mood and motivation

57
Q

what is the largest part of the brain

A

forebrain

58
Q

what is the outer layer of the forebrain

A

cerebral cortex

3mm thick but because it is crumbled theres actually a lot of SA

59
Q

What is the groove tht divides the brain up into two cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

60
Q

What the central fissue define

A

divide frontal lobe on each side of hte brain from the parietal lobe

61
Q

What the lateral fissure

A

bottom edge of the frontal lobe and top edge of temporal edge

62
Q

a) front of the brain
b) top back
c) bottom front
d) bottom back

A

a) frontal lobe
b) partietal lobe
c) temporal lobe
d) occipital

63
Q

hypothalamus

A

directly under the thalamus

role in controlling motivated behvaiours

64
Q

limbic system

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, etc

65
Q

amygdala

A

connected to the hippo and is important for modulating emotional reactions

66
Q

Hippocampus

A

pivotal for learning and memory

67
Q

What is lateralization

A

functional difference between two cerebral hemispheres

68
Q

Commissures

A

thick bundles of fibers that carry information back and forth between the two hemispheres

69
Q

Largest commisure?

A

Corpus callosom

70
Q

What are projection areas

A

areas in which the brain tissue seems to form a map of sensory information

71
Q

What are the three main types of tissues in the cerebral cortex

A

sensory, motor and association area

72
Q

contralateral control

A

left brain to right body and vice versa

73
Q

apraxia:

A

damage in the frontal lobe can cause disturbance in beginning or carrying out voluntary action

74
Q

visual agnosia

A

the inability to recognize a stimulus despite the ability to see it and describe it
usually damage to the occiptal cortex or the back part of the parietal cortex

75
Q

neglect syndrome

A

right parietal lobe lesions that leaves the patient inattetive to stimuli on her left.

76
Q

aphasia

A

disorder of the language:
two types:
production of speech or the comprehension of speech

77
Q

Broca’s areas

A

in the frontal lobe and speech production

78
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

auditory primary projection border and deals with speech comprehension and in the temporal area

79
Q

What is the function of the prefontal area

A

involved in working memory, strategy formation and response inhibition

80
Q

executive control

A

processes that override habit response to allow brain to direct

81
Q

What is perservation in wisconsin card sorting task

A

Continues to repeat wrong order despite feedback

Intro to psych (7 decks)

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