Senses

Question 0

What is the sequence of events for taste?

Answer 0

Dissolved molecules interact with receptors, the membrane depolarises and an action potential is fired, intracellular calcium intake increases, NT is realised, excitation or afferent nerve fibres.

Question 1

Give the pathway light takes to the eye?

Answer 1

Detected and focused by the lens, through pupil, focused to fovea, centred to optic nerve then leaves

Question 2

Explain the structure of cortical modules?

Answer 2

2 mm squared, blobs to interpret colour, orientation columns both left and right, ocular dominance columns and inter blob regions

Question 3

Give the sequence of events for smell?

Answer 3

Odourants bind to receptors on cilia and G-proteins are activated. cAMP is produced and binds to calcium and sodium channels. Channels open and chloride ions channels open which causes depolarisation.

Question 4

Give the three types of papillae in order of small to large?

Answer 4

Fungiform, foliate and circumvallate

Question 5

Where are photoreceptors rods and cones found?

Answer 5

In the fovea and the back of the retinal in the black pigment epithelial cells.

Question 6

Give the four types of cells in the retina?

Answer 6

Photoreceptors, bipolar, horizontal and retinal ganglion.

Question 7

Give the pathway of smell from receptors to target?

Answer 7

Olfactory receptors to olfactory bulb to olfactory tracts to target in the cortex.

Question 8

What are the three classes of somatosensory receptors?

Answer 8

Tactile- mechanoreceptors
Temp. hot and cold- thermal
Nociceptors-all three

Question 9

Give three steps to turn sound into nerve impulses?

Answer 9

1. Stereocilia are disturbed to give mechanoelectrical transduction.
2. The scala media endolymph is high in potassium, opening of channels causes depolarisation.
3. Calcium causes NT release to auditory complex on superior temporal gyrus.

Question 10

What are the sensory receptors on the ear?

Answer 10

The inner hair cells of the scala media in the cochlea

Question 11

Is conduction velocity positively of negatively associated with axon diameter?

Answer 11

Positively

Question 12

What does NOT cause pain?

Answer 12

The over stimulation of receptors responsible for touch

Question 13

What is the response of substance P being locally release?

Answer 13

Increased inflammatory response

Question 14

What’s the different between thermoreceptors and nociceptors?

Answer 14

Both detect heat but thermoreceptors are just for warm and mild temp and nociceptors work at extreme temperatures.

Question 15

What is a contralateral pathway in pain?

Answer 15

Where the sensory impute cross at the level of the spinal cord and ascend on opposite sides.

Question 16

What cells are involved in the direct pathways of light?

Answer 16

Photoreceptors, to bipolar cells, to retinal and ganglion cells.

Question 17

What happens to NT transmission in the dark?

Answer 17

cGMP is converted to GMP, sodium channels close and no NT is released

Question 18

What are the two parts is the retina divided into?

Answer 18

Nasal and temporal

Question 19

How is full vision in the brain ensured?

Answer 19

The nasal signals cross at the optic chiasm and the temporal continues on its own side

Question 20

What is another name for the primary visual cortex?

Answer 20

The striate cortex

Question 21

Give the parts of the outer ear?

Answer 21

Pinna and auditory canal

Question 22

Give the parts of the middle ear?

Answer 22

Tympanic membrane and ossicles

Question 23

Give the parts of the inner ear?

Answer 23

Cochlea and semi circular canals

Question 24

What are the three senses associated with the nose and mouth?

Answer 24

Olfactory, gustatory and chemical trigemnal

Question 25

What contributes to taste?

Answer 25

Tongue, pharynx, palate, food odor and texture/appearance

Question 26

What is the macula in the retina for?

Answer 26

Central vision

Question 27

What is the optic disc of the retina?

Answer 27

The origin of blood vessels and where the optic nerve axons exit the eye- blind spot.

Question 28

What do photoreceptors do?

Answer 28

Convert light energy into neural activity

Question 29

What do bipolar cells create?

Answer 29

Direct pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

Question 30

What is sound?

Answer 30

A series of changes in air pressure which form a wave