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Biology of The Mind > Memory and Learning > Flashcards

Memory and Learning Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Define memory?

A

Persistence of learning in a state that can revealed at a later time

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1
Q

Define learning?

A

The process of acquiring new information

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2
Q

Define encoding?

A

Processing of incoming information to be stored

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3
Q

Define storage?

A

The result of acquisition and consolidation; creation and maintenance of a permanent record

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4
Q

Define retrieval?

A

Utilisation of stored information to create a conscious representation or to execute a learned behaviour

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5
Q

What does memory split into?

A

Short term/working memory and long term

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6
Q

Hat does long term memory further divide into?

A

Declarative and non-declarative

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of declarative, long-term memory which mean a) events and b) facts?

A

Episodic and semantic

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of non-declarative, long-term memory?

A

Priming, skills/habits, associate conditioning which is split into skeletal musculature and emotional response.

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9
Q

Give the three memory mechanisms?

A

Sensory, long-term and short-term

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10
Q

Give an example of a sensory memory mechanism?

A

Recalling a sentence you are not paying attention to listening

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11
Q

What is a) visual and b) echoic memory in the sensory memory mechanism?

A

Visual-iconic and audition- echoic

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12
Q

Which memory mechanism is the quickest?

A

Sensory, then short then long

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13
Q

Give and example of a short term memory mechanism?

A

Remembering a phone number given by a friend before trying to dial it
-around a 7 item digit span

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14
Q

Give an example of a long term memory mechanism?

A

Recalling an event from childhood

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15
Q

How is short term memory made to last longer?

A

Through rehearsal

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16
Q

What is the process of changing short to long and long to short?

A

Short to long is encoding and long to short is retrieval

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17
Q

What is the capacity of the short term memory?

A

Limited.

5-9 item span.

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18
Q

What is a memorist?

A

An individual with a remarkable memory. Most commonly for numbers. They use locational digit matching and visual imagery techniques to remember.

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19
Q

What is a working memory model?

A

A central executive mechanism which controls 2 subcoordinate systems in rehearsal

20
Q

What is central executive?

A

Command and control centre

21
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Mechanism for acoustically coding information in working memory.

22
Q

What is a visual spatial sketch pad?

A

Information storage in visual or visual spatial codes

23
Q

What are the two subcoordinate systems involved in rehearsal?

A

Phonological loop and visual partial sketch pad

24
Q

What part of the brain effects visuospatial performance?

A

The parieto-occipital regions of both hemispheres

25
Q

What part of the brain effects the phonological loop?

A

The left supra-marginal gyrus and left promoter region

26
Q

What is another term for long term memory?

A

Explicit memory.

27
Q

How is long term memory recalled?

A

By conscious effort

28
Q

What is a recollection of an emotionally charged event?

A

A flashbulb memory.

Usually vivid, a form of long term memory, high confidence of the more but not necessarily very accurate

29
Q

Where are long term memory brain systems formed?

A

Hippocampus, mammillary body, dorsal thalamus and rhinal cortex

30
Q

Where is long term memory brain systems stored?

A

In the neocortex and the frontal vortices on the dorsolateral and anteriolateral aspects.

31
Q

What are the four curiosities of memory?.

A

Olfaction, music, memory training, age

32
Q

What do certain smells do?

A

Invoke memories from years ago as the olfactory cortex is linked to the hippocampus and amygdala

33
Q

What is thought to improve memory?

A

Musical training, or listening to music

34
Q

Research is ongoing into daily memory training and synaptic plasticity, give examples of daily memory training activities?

A

Sudoku, crosswords, scrabble etc

35
Q

Does memory improve or decline with age?

A

Decline

36
Q

Why does memory differ with age?

A

There’s a decrease in the number of synapses

37
Q

What is another way to say non-declarative long term memory?

A

Procedural or implicit memory

38
Q

How are skills and associations acquired in non-declarative memory?

A

Mainly at an unconscious level

39
Q

Name the 2 non-declarative memory systems?

A

Non-associative and associative

40
Q

What is the non-associative non-declarative memory system?

A

A change in motor response after repeated presentation to a stimuli

41
Q

What are the two subgroups of the non-associative, non-declarative memory system?

A

Habituation and sensitisation. Habituation is a decrease in response and sensitisation is an increase.

42
Q

What are the two subgroups of the associative, non-declarative memory system?

A

Classical conditioning- a change in passive motor response after a learned association between two stimuli.
Instrumental or operant conditioning- change in active motor response after association between motor action and reward

43
Q

What are the brain system underlying procedural long term memory?

A

Basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory association cortex and the cerebellum

44
Q

What is amnesia?

A

The pathological process of forgetting

45
Q

What are the two types of amnesia?

A

Anterograde- inability to establish new memories

Retrograde- difficulty in retrieving memories

46
Q

What can synaptic plasticity do?

A

Enhance or decrease the strength of a synapse

47
Q

What causes synaptic plasticity?

A

Long term potention or depression in CA1

Biology of The Mind (18 decks)

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