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ANAPHY Midterms > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Are the means by which the brain receives
information about the environment and the body.

A

Senses

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2
Q

The process initiated by STIMULATING SENSORY RECEPTOR.

A

Sensation

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3
Q

conscious awareness of stimuli received by
sensory neurons.

A

Perception

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4
Q

Characteristics of Sensation

A

*Projection
*Intensity
*Contrast
*Adaptation
*After Image

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5
Q

The sensation seems to come from the area
where the RECEPTORS WERE STIMULATED, even
though it is the brain that truly feels the
sensation.

A

Projection

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6
Q

The degree to which the SENSATION IS FELT; a
strong stimulus affects more receptors and
more impulses are sent to the brain.

A

Intensity

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7
Q

The effect of a PREVIOUS or simultaneous
sensation on a current sensation as the brain
compares them.

A

Contrast

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8
Q

Becoming AWARE of continuing stimulus
> If the stimulus remains constant, there is no
change for the receptors to detect.

A

Adaptation

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9
Q

The sensation REMAINS IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS
after the stimulus has stopped.

A

After Image

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10
Q

Classification of Senses

A

*General Senses
*Special Senses

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11
Q

receptors over LARGE PART OF BODY that sense touch,pressure, pain, temperature, and itch

A

General Senses

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12
Q

Types of General Senses

A

*Somatic
*Visceral

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13
Q

provide INFORMATION about BODY and
ENVIRONMENT

A

Somatic

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14
Q

provide INFORMATION about INTERNAL ORGANS

A

Visceral

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15
Q

Types of Special Senses

A

*Smell
*Taste
*Sight
*hearing
*Balance

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16
Q

are SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS or specialized cells
respond to stimuli by DEVELOPING ACTION

A

Sensory Receptors

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17
Q

Types of Receptors

A

*Mechanoreceptors. *Thermoreceptors
*Chemoreceptos. *Nociceptors
*Photoreceptors

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18
Q

detect movement

  • Example, touch, pressure, vibration
A

Mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

detect chemicals
• Example, Odors

A

Chemoreceptors

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20
Q

detect light

A

Photoreceptors

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21
Q

detect temp. changes

A

Thermoreceptors

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22
Q

Detect pain

A

Nociceptors

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23
Q

Types of Touch Receptors

A

*Merkel’s disk. *Ruffini corpuscle
*Hair follicle receptors. *Pacinian Corpuscle
*Meissner corpuscle

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24
Q

a type of touch receptor that detect light touch and pressure

A

Merkel’s disk

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25
Q

a type of touch receptor that DETECT LIGHT TOUCH

A

Hair Follicle receptors

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26
Q

a type of touch receptor that is deep in epidermis

• localizing tactile sensation

A

Meissner corpuscle

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27
Q

a type of touch receptor that is deep tactile receptors

> detects continuous pressure in skin

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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28
Q

A touch receptor that:

> deepest receptors
associated with tendons and joints
detect deep pressure, vibration, position

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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29
Q

an UNPLEASANT perceptual and emotional
experience

> can be localized or diffuse.

A

Pain

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30
Q

Types of Pain

A

Localized and Diffuse

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31
Q

sharp, pricking, cutting pain

> rapid action potential

A

Localized

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32
Q

burning, aching pain

> slower action potentials

A

Diffuse

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33
Q

action potentials suppressed from pain receptors in
local areas of the body

• chemicals are injected near sensory nerve

A

Local Anesthesia

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34
Q

loss of consciousness

• chemicals affect reticular formation

A

General Anesthesia

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35
Q

A visceral pain that is felt as a cutaneous pain

> originates in a region that is not source of
pain stimulus

A

Referred pain

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36
Q

felt when INTERNAL ORGANS ARE DAMAGED OR
INFLAMED

> sensory neurons from SUPERFICIAL AREA and
neurons of source pain converge onto same
ascending neurons of spinal cord

A

Referred Pain

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37
Q

sense of smell

• occurs in response to
odorants

can detect 10,000 different smells

A

Olfaction

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38
Q

Where are the receptors located for olfaction

A

Nasal Cavity and Hard Palate

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39
Q

sensory structures that DETECT TASTE

> located on PAPILLAE on TOUNGE, HARD PALATE,
THROAT

A

Taste Buds

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40
Q

How many taste cells are inside each taste bud

A

40

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41
Q

Each taste cell has________? that
extend into___________?

A

Taste hairs
Taste pores

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42
Q

Types of Tastes

A
  1. Sweet. 4. Bitter
  2. Sour. 5. Umami/savory
  3. Salty
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43
Q

Accessory structures for vision

A

Eyebrow and Eyelids/eyelashes

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44
Q

protects from sweat

> shade from sun

A

Eyebrow

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45
Q

protects from foreign objects

> lubricates by blinking

A

Eyelid/Eyelashes

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46
Q

Eye and Accessory Structures

A

Conjunctiva
Lacrimal Gland
Extrinsic eye muscles

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47
Q

thin membrane that covers inner surface
of eyelid

A

Conjunctiva

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48
Q

produces tears

A

Lacrimal Gland

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49
Q

Help move eyeball

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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50
Q

Hollow, fluid filled sphere
• Composed of 3 layers (tunics)
> Divided into chambers

A

Anatomy of Eye

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51
Q

Layers of the Eye

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic Layer
  2. Vascular Tunic
  3. Nervous Tunic
52
Q

Outermost tunic

A

Fibrous Tunic layer

53
Q

firm, WHITE OUTER PART

• helps MAINTAIN EYE SHAPE, provides attachment
sites, protects internal structures

A

Sclera

54
Q

transparent structure that COVERS IRIS AND PUPIL

• allows light to enter and focuses light

A

Cornea

55
Q

Middle tunic that contains blood supply

A

Vascular Tunic

56
Q

Parts of the Vascular Tunic

A
  1. Choroid. 4. Lens
  2. Ciliary body. 5. Iris
  3. Suspensory ligaments. 6. Pupil
57
Q

BLACK PART (melanin), DELIVERS O2 and
NUTRIENTS to RETINA

A

Choroid

58
Q

helps HOLD LENS in place

A

Ciliary Body

59
Q

help to HOLD LENS IN PLACE

A

Suspensory Ligaments

60
Q

flexible disk

> FOCUSES LIGHT ONTO RETINA

A

Lens

61
Q

COLORED PART

> SURROUNDS AND REGULATES pupil

A

Iris

62
Q

REGULATES AMOUNT OF LIGHT entering

• lots of light = constricted
• little light = dilated

A

Pupil

63
Q

INNERMOST TUNIC and consist of retina.

A

Nervous Tunic

64
Q

covers posterior 5/6 of eye

> contains 2 layers

A

Retina

65
Q

outer layer

> keeps light from reflecting back in eye

A

Pigmented retina

66
Q

contains photoreceptors (Rods and
Cones)

> contains interneurons

A

Sensory Retina

67
Q

photoreceptor SENSITIVE TO LIGHT

• 20 times more rods than cones

> can FUNCTION IN DIM LIGHT

A

Rods

68
Q

photoreceptor PROVIDE COLOR VISION

> 3 types blue, green, red

A

Cones

69
Q

Types of Pigments and Pigment Protein

A
  1. Rhodopsin
  2. Opsin
  3. Retinal
70
Q

PHOTOSENSITIVE pigment in ROD CELLS

A

Rhodopsin

71
Q

COLORLESS PROTEIN in rhodopsin

A

Opsin

72
Q

YELLOW PIGMENT in rhodopsin

• requires vitamin A

A

Retinal

73
Q

Posterior Region of Retina

A
  1. Macula
  2. Fovea centralis
    3.Optic Disk
74
Q

SMALL SPOT near center of retina

A

Macula

75
Q

Center of macula
> The light is focused when looking directly at an
object
> Chly cones
> Ability to DISCRIMINATE FINE IMAGES

A

Fovea Centralis

76
Q

white spot medial to macula

> blood vessels enter eye and
SPREAD OVER RETINA

> no photoreceptors
called BLIND SPOT

A

Optic disk

77
Q

located BETWEEN CORNEA AND LENS

> filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR (watery)

A

Anterior Chamber of the Eye

78
Q

helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and PROVIDE NUTRIENTS to INNER SURFACE OF EYE

A

Aqueous Humor

79
Q

located BEHIND anterior chamber

> contains AQUEOUS HUMOR

A

Posterior Chamber

80
Q

located in RETINA REGION

> filled with VITREOUS HUMOR: JELLY-LIKE
substance

A

Vitreous chamber

81
Q

helps maintain
pressure, HOLDS LENS AND RETINA IN PLACE,
refracts light

A

Vitreous humor

82
Q

How does the eye function

A

The eye functions much like a CAMERA. The IRIS allows LIGHT into the eye, which is FOCUSED by the cornea, lens, and humors onto the RETINA. Then the light striking the retina produces ACTION POTENTIALS that are relayed to the BRAIN.

83
Q

Bending of light

A

Light Refraction

84
Q

point where LIGHT RAYS CONVERGE
• occurs anterior to retina
• object is inverted

A

Focal point

85
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

86
Q

farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

87
Q

lens becomes LESS ELASTIC
> reading glasses required

A

Presbyopia

88
Q

AKA DOUBLE VISION
• Misalignment of the two eyes
• Due to weakness of the muscles

A

Diplopia

89
Q

IRREGUKAR CURVATURE of lens or cornea
> glasses or contacts required to correct

A

Astigmatism

90
Q

absence or DEFICIENT CONES
> primarily in males

A
91
Q

increased PRESSURE IN EYE

• can lead to
blindness

A

Glaucoma

92
Q

CLOUDING or opacity of crystalline lens that leads to blurring of vision and eventually loss of sight

A

Cataract

93
Q

Three areas of the ear

A
  1. the external ear
  2. the middle ear
  3. the inner ear
94
Q

Parts of the External Ear

A
  1. Auricle/Pinna
  2. External Auditory Meatus
  3. Tympanic membrane
95
Q

fleshy part on outside of the ear

A

Auricle/Pinna

96
Q

canal that leads to eardrum

A

External Auditory Meatus

97
Q

EARDRUM
> thin membrane that SEPARATES EXTERNAL from the MIDDLE EAR
> Sound waves reaching the TM cause it to vibrate

A

Tympanic Membrane

98
Q

AIR FILLED chamber with ossicles

A

Middle Ear

99
Q

bone attached to tympanic membrane

A

Malleus/Hammer

100
Q

bone that connects malleus to stapes

A

Incus/Anvil

101
Q

bone located at base of oval window

A

Stapes/Stirrup

102
Q

separates middle and inner ear

A

Oval Window

103
Q

opens into pharynx
• EQUALIZES AIR PRESSURE between outside air and
middle ear

A

Eustachian or Auditory Tube

104
Q

Set of fluid filled chambers in the ear

A

Inner ear

105
Q

tunnels filled with fluid
> 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

A

Bony Labyrinth

106
Q

inside bony labyrinth
> filled with endolymph

A

Membranous Labyrinth

107
Q

CLEAR FLUID in membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

A

Endolymph

108
Q

FLUID BETWEEN membranous and bony labyrinth

A

Perilymph

109
Q

SNAIL-SHELL shaped structure

• where HEARING TAKES PLACE
• Has three channels

A

Cochlea

110
Q

Channels of the Cochlea

A
  1. Scala Vestibuli
  2. Scala Tympani
  3. Cochlea Duct
111
Q

EXTENDS from the OVAL WINDOW to the apex of
COCHLEA; filled with PERILYMPH

A

Scala Vestibuli

112
Q

EXTEND IN PARALLEL; filled with PERILYMPH

A

Scala Tympani

113
Q

FORMED by the space between VESTIBULAR and BASILAR
membrane; filled with ENDOLYMPH

A

Cochlea Duct

114
Q

WALL OF MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH that LINES SCALA VESTIBULI

A

Vestibular Membrane

115
Q

Wall of membranous labyrinth that LINES SCALA TYMPANI

A

Basilar Membrane

116
Q

in cochlear duct
• contains hair cells

A

Spiral organ/Organ of Corti

117
Q

in cochlea

• VIBRATES against hair cells

A

Tectorial Membrane

118
Q

associated with vestibule

> EVALUATES position of head RELATIVE TO GRAVITY

A

Static Equilibrium

119
Q

associated with SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

> evaluates CHANGES IN DIRECTION and RATE OF HEAD MOVEMENT

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

120
Q

inner ear
• contains UTRICLE AND SACCULE

A

Vestibule

121
Q

SPECIALIZED PATCHES of epithelium in utricle and
saccule surround by endolymph

• contain hair cells

A

Maculae

122
Q

GELATINOUS SUBSTANCE that moves in RESPONSE TO GRAVITY

• attached to hair cell microvilli which initiate action
potentials

A

Otoliths

123
Q

dynamic equilibrium

• sense movement if any direction

A

Semicircular Canals

124
Q

BASE of semicircular canal

A

Ampulla

125
Q

IN AMPULLA

A

Crista Ampullaris

126
Q

GELATINOUS MASS

• contains microvilli
• FLOAT that is DISPLACED BY ENDOLYMPH MOVEMENT

A

Cupula

ANAPHY Midterms (5 decks)

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