Senses Flashcards by King James

Are the means by which the brain receives
information about the environment and the body.

Senses

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The process initiated by STIMULATING SENSORY RECEPTOR.

Sensation

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conscious awareness of stimuli received by
sensory neurons.

Perception

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Characteristics of Sensation

*Projection
*Intensity
*Contrast
*Adaptation
*After Image

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The sensation seems to come from the area
where the RECEPTORS WERE STIMULATED, even
though it is the brain that truly feels the
sensation.

Projection

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The degree to which the SENSATION IS FELT; a
strong stimulus affects more receptors and
more impulses are sent to the brain.

Intensity

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The effect of a PREVIOUS or simultaneous
sensation on a current sensation as the brain
compares them.

Contrast

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Becoming AWARE of continuing stimulus
> If the stimulus remains constant, there is no
change for the receptors to detect.

Adaptation

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The sensation REMAINS IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS
after the stimulus has stopped.

After Image

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Classification of Senses

*General Senses
*Special Senses

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receptors over LARGE PART OF BODY that sense touch,pressure, pain, temperature, and itch

General Senses

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Types of General Senses

*Somatic
*Visceral

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provide INFORMATION about BODY and
ENVIRONMENT

Somatic

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provide INFORMATION about INTERNAL ORGANS

Visceral

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Types of Special Senses

*Smell
*Taste
*Sight
*hearing
*Balance

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are SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS or specialized cells
respond to stimuli by DEVELOPING ACTION

Sensory Receptors

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Types of Receptors

*Mechanoreceptors. *Thermoreceptors
*Chemoreceptos. *Nociceptors
*Photoreceptors

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detect movement

Example, touch, pressure, vibration

Mechanoreceptors

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detect chemicals
• Example, Odors

Chemoreceptors

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detect light

Photoreceptors

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detect temp. changes

Thermoreceptors

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Detect pain

Nociceptors

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Types of Touch Receptors

*Merkel’s disk. *Ruffini corpuscle
*Hair follicle receptors. *Pacinian Corpuscle
*Meissner corpuscle

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a type of touch receptor that detect light touch and pressure

Merkel’s disk

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a type of touch receptor that DETECT LIGHT TOUCH

Hair Follicle receptors

a type of touch receptor that is deep in epidermis • localizing tactile sensation

Meissner corpuscle

a type of touch receptor that is deep tactile receptors > detects continuous pressure in skin

Ruffini corpuscle

A touch receptor that: > deepest receptors > associated with tendons and joints > detect deep pressure, vibration, position

Pacinian corpuscle

an UNPLEASANT perceptual and emotional experience > can be localized or diffuse.

Pain

Types of Pain

Localized and Diffuse

sharp, pricking, cutting pain > rapid action potential

Localized

burning, aching pain > slower action potentials

Diffuse

action potentials suppressed from pain receptors in local areas of the body • chemicals are injected near sensory nerve

Local Anesthesia

loss of consciousness • chemicals affect reticular formation

General Anesthesia

A visceral pain that is felt as a cutaneous pain > originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus

Referred pain

felt when INTERNAL ORGANS ARE DAMAGED OR INFLAMED > sensory neurons from SUPERFICIAL AREA and neurons of source pain converge onto same ascending neurons of spinal cord

Referred Pain

sense of smell • occurs in response to odorants can detect 10,000 different smells

Olfaction

Where are the receptors located for olfaction

Nasal Cavity and Hard Palate

sensory structures that DETECT TASTE > located on PAPILLAE on TOUNGE, HARD PALATE, THROAT

Taste Buds

How many taste cells are inside each taste bud

Each taste cell has________? that extend into___________?

Taste hairs Taste pores

Types of Tastes

1. Sweet. 4. Bitter 2. Sour. 5. Umami/savory 3. Salty

Accessory structures for vision

Eyebrow and Eyelids/eyelashes

protects from sweat > shade from sun

Eyebrow

protects from foreign objects > lubricates by blinking

Eyelid/Eyelashes

Eye and Accessory Structures

Conjunctiva Lacrimal Gland Extrinsic eye muscles

thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid

Conjunctiva

produces tears

Lacrimal Gland

Help move eyeball

Extrinsic eye muscles

Hollow, fluid filled sphere • Composed of 3 layers (tunics) > Divided into chambers

Anatomy of Eye

Layers of the Eye

1. Fibrous Tunic Layer 2. Vascular Tunic 3. Nervous Tunic

Outermost tunic

Fibrous Tunic layer

firm, WHITE OUTER PART • helps MAINTAIN EYE SHAPE, provides attachment sites, protects internal structures

Sclera

transparent structure that COVERS IRIS AND PUPIL • allows light to enter and focuses light

Cornea

Middle tunic that contains blood supply

Vascular Tunic

Parts of the Vascular Tunic

1. Choroid. 4. Lens 2. Ciliary body. 5. Iris 3. Suspensory ligaments. 6. Pupil

BLACK PART (melanin), DELIVERS O2 and NUTRIENTS to RETINA

Choroid

helps HOLD LENS in place

Ciliary Body

help to HOLD LENS IN PLACE

Suspensory Ligaments

flexible disk > FOCUSES LIGHT ONTO RETINA

Lens

COLORED PART > SURROUNDS AND REGULATES pupil

Iris

REGULATES AMOUNT OF LIGHT entering • lots of light = constricted • little light = dilated

Pupil

INNERMOST TUNIC and consist of retina.

Nervous Tunic

covers posterior 5/6 of eye > contains 2 layers

Retina

outer layer > keeps light from reflecting back in eye

Pigmented retina

contains photoreceptors (Rods and Cones) > contains interneurons

Sensory Retina

photoreceptor SENSITIVE TO LIGHT • 20 times more rods than cones > can FUNCTION IN DIM LIGHT

Rods

photoreceptor PROVIDE COLOR VISION > 3 types blue, green, red

Cones

Types of Pigments and Pigment Protein

1. Rhodopsin 2. Opsin 3. Retinal

PHOTOSENSITIVE pigment in ROD CELLS

Rhodopsin

COLORLESS PROTEIN in rhodopsin

Opsin

YELLOW PIGMENT in rhodopsin • requires vitamin A

Retinal

Posterior Region of Retina

1. Macula 2. Fovea centralis 3.Optic Disk

SMALL SPOT near center of retina

Macula

Center of macula > The light is focused when looking directly at an object > Chly cones > Ability to DISCRIMINATE FINE IMAGES

Fovea Centralis

white spot medial to macula > blood vessels enter eye and SPREAD OVER RETINA > no photoreceptors > called BLIND SPOT

Optic disk

located BETWEEN CORNEA AND LENS > filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR (watery)

Anterior Chamber of the Eye

helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and PROVIDE NUTRIENTS to INNER SURFACE OF EYE

Aqueous Humor

located BEHIND anterior chamber > contains AQUEOUS HUMOR

Posterior Chamber

located in RETINA REGION > filled with VITREOUS HUMOR: JELLY-LIKE substance

Vitreous chamber

helps maintain pressure, HOLDS LENS AND RETINA IN PLACE, refracts light

Vitreous humor

How does the eye function

The eye functions much like a CAMERA. The IRIS allows LIGHT into the eye, which is FOCUSED by the cornea, lens, and humors onto the RETINA. Then the light striking the retina produces ACTION POTENTIALS that are relayed to the BRAIN.

Bending of light

Light Refraction

point where LIGHT RAYS CONVERGE • occurs anterior to retina • object is inverted

Focal point

Nearsightedness

Myopia

farsightedness

Hyperopia

lens becomes LESS ELASTIC > reading glasses required

Presbyopia

AKA DOUBLE VISION • Misalignment of the two eyes • Due to weakness of the muscles

Diplopia

IRREGUKAR CURVATURE of lens or cornea > glasses or contacts required to correct

Astigmatism

absence or DEFICIENT CONES > primarily in males

increased PRESSURE IN EYE • can lead to blindness

Glaucoma

CLOUDING or opacity of crystalline lens that leads to blurring of vision and eventually loss of sight

Cataract

Three areas of the ear

1. the external ear 2. the middle ear 3. the inner ear

Parts of the External Ear

1. Auricle/Pinna 2. External Auditory Meatus 3. Tympanic membrane

fleshy part on outside of the ear

Auricle/Pinna

canal that leads to eardrum

External Auditory Meatus

EARDRUM > thin membrane that SEPARATES EXTERNAL from the MIDDLE EAR > Sound waves reaching the TM cause it to vibrate

Tympanic Membrane

AIR FILLED chamber with ossicles

Middle Ear

bone attached to tympanic membrane

Malleus/Hammer

bone that connects malleus to stapes

Incus/Anvil

bone located at base of oval window

Stapes/Stirrup

separates middle and inner ear

Oval Window

opens into pharynx • EQUALIZES AIR PRESSURE between outside air and middle ear

Eustachian or Auditory Tube

Set of fluid filled chambers in the ear

Inner ear

tunnels filled with fluid > 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

Bony Labyrinth

inside bony labyrinth > filled with endolymph

Membranous Labyrinth

CLEAR FLUID in membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

Endolymph

FLUID BETWEEN membranous and bony labyrinth

Perilymph

SNAIL-SHELL shaped structure • where HEARING TAKES PLACE • Has three channels

Cochlea

Channels of the Cochlea

1. Scala Vestibuli 2. Scala Tympani 3. Cochlea Duct

EXTENDS from the OVAL WINDOW to the apex of COCHLEA; filled with PERILYMPH

Scala Vestibuli

EXTEND IN PARALLEL; filled with PERILYMPH

Scala Tympani

FORMED by the space between VESTIBULAR and BASILAR membrane; filled with ENDOLYMPH

Cochlea Duct

WALL OF MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH that LINES SCALA VESTIBULI

Vestibular Membrane

Wall of membranous labyrinth that LINES SCALA TYMPANI

Basilar Membrane

in cochlear duct • contains hair cells

Spiral organ/Organ of Corti

in cochlea • VIBRATES against hair cells

Tectorial Membrane

associated with vestibule > EVALUATES position of head RELATIVE TO GRAVITY

Static Equilibrium

associated with SEMICIRCULAR CANALS > evaluates CHANGES IN DIRECTION and RATE OF HEAD MOVEMENT

Dynamic Equilibrium

inner ear • contains UTRICLE AND SACCULE

Vestibule

SPECIALIZED PATCHES of epithelium in utricle and saccule surround by endolymph • contain hair cells

Maculae

GELATINOUS SUBSTANCE that moves in RESPONSE TO GRAVITY • attached to hair cell microvilli which initiate action potentials

Otoliths

dynamic equilibrium • sense movement if any direction

Semicircular Canals

BASE of semicircular canal

Ampulla

IN AMPULLA

Crista Ampullaris

GELATINOUS MASS • contains microvilli • FLOAT that is DISPLACED BY ENDOLYMPH MOVEMENT

Cupula