Circulatory System Flashcards by King James

is a muscular organ that is essenial for life because it HEART through the body.

Heart

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Parts of the Cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

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How much does a healthy adult pump blood per minute

5 liters

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How long does the heart continues to pump for most people

75 years

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What does the right side of the heart pump to?

Lungs

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the heart pumping the right side to the LUNGS and back to the left side of the heart through vessels of the?

Pulmonary circulation

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The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels of the?

Systemic Circulation

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Functions of the Heart

*Generates blood pressure
*Routes blood
*Ensures one-way blood flow
*Regulates blood supply

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Size and weight of the heart?
Location of the heart?
Orientation?

Size of a fist. Loc:Bet lungs thoracic cav
Weight: Less than 1lb. Ori: Apex(bottom) left side

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double-layered sac that
anchors and PROTECTS THE HEART

Pericardium

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membrane AROUND HEARTS CAVITY

Parietal pericardium

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Membrane on HEARTS SURFACE

Visceral Pericardium

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SPACE around heart

Pericardial Cavity

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EXTENDS around the
heart, SEPARATING the
atria from the
ventricles.

Coronary Sulcus

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EXTENDS INFERIORLY from the coronary sulcus on the POSTERIOR surface of the heart.

posterior interventricular sulcus

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extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the ANTERIOR surface of the heart.

Anterior interventricular sulcus

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carry blood from the body to the right atrium,

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

four pulmonary veins

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TWO ARTERIES of the heart that carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart.

Pulmonary Trunk (Right atrium)
Aorta (Left Atrium)

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ARISING FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE, splits
into the right and left PULMONARY ARTERIES, which carry blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary Trunk

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arising from the left ventricle, carries blood to the rest of the body

Aorta

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Four chambers of the heart

Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle

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SEPARATES atria from ventricles

Coronary sulcus

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superior , HOLDING CHAMBERS
» contract minimally to push blood into ventricles

Atria

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RECEIVES BLOOD from 3 major openings

Right Atrium

Drain blood from the body

Superior and Inferior vena cava

DRAIN blood from most of the HEART MUSCLE

Coronary Sinus

recieves bloodthrough four PULMONARY VEINS– drains blood from LUNGS

Left Atrium

partition that SEPARATES THE 2 ATRIA

Interarterial Septum

MAJOR PUMPING CHAMBERS • Inferior chambers • Thick, strong walled • Contract forcefully to propel blood out of the heart

Ventricles

Allows blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk

Right Ventricle

Allows blood to flow into the aorta (the rest of the body)

Left Ventricle

Divides the 2 ventricles

INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM

valves between the ATRIA AND VENTRICLES

Atrioventricular Heart Valves

AV valve between Right Atrium and Right Ventricle • 3 cusps

Tricuspid Valve

AV valve between Left Atrium and Left Ventricle • 2 cusps

Bicuspid Valve (Mitral)

Each ventricle contains CONE-SHAPED, muscular pillars called?

Papillary Muscles

These muscles are attached by strong, connective tissue strings called___________? to the FREE MARGINS of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves.

Chordae tendineae

have three HALF-MOON SHAPED cusps, and are valves between the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Semilunar Heart Valves

between Right Ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary Valve

Between the Left ventricle and Aortic arch

Aortic Valve

A plate of connective tissue, sometimes called the________? or **FIBROUS SKELETON**, consists mainly of fibrous rings that surround the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and give them **SOLID SUPPORT.**

Cardiac Skeleton

This connective tissue plate also serves as ELECTRICAL INSULATION between the atria and the ventricles and provides a RIGID ATTACHMENT site for cardiac muscle.

Cardiac Skeleton

Enumerate the blood flow through heart

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA RIGHT ATRIUM TRICUSPID VALVE RIGHT VENTRICLE PULMONARY SEMI LUNAR VALVE. PULMONARY TRUNK PULMONARY ARTERIES, LUNGS PULMONARY VEINS LEFT ATRIUM BICUSPID VALVE LEFT VENTRICLE AOTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE AORTA BODY

supply blood to HEART WALL • originate from base of aorta (above aortic semilunar valve)

Coronary Arteries

has 3 branches (anterior interventricular artery, circumflex artery, left marginal artery) • supply blood to ANTERIOR HEART WALL and left ventricle

Left Coronary Artery

originates on right side of aorta • supply blood to right ventricle • Posterior interventricular artery, right marginal artery

Right Coronary Artery

DRAIN blood from the CARDIAC MUSCLE • parallel to the coronary arteries

Cardiac Veins

most drain blood into the?

Coronary Sinus

SURFACE OF THE HEART (outside) • Simple squamous epithelium

Epicardium

THICK, MIDDLE LAYER composed of cardiac muscle • Responsible for CONTRACTION of heart chambers

Myocardium

smooth, INNER SURFACE Simple squamous epithelium

Endocardium

centrally located nucleus. Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions •Intercalated disks connect cell •Branching cells •Rich in mitochondria •Striated (actin and myosin)

Cardiac Muscle

Changes in MEMBRANE CHANNEL permeability are responsible for producing action potentials and is called?

Pacemaker potential

Na+ channels open • Ca2+ channels open

Depolarization phase

Na+ channels close • Some K+ channels open • Ca2+ channels remain open

Plateau phase

K+ channels are open • Ca2+ channels close

Repolarization Phase

PROLONGS action potential by keeping Ca2+ channels open.

Plateau phase

How long does the skeletal muscle action potential take?

2 milliseconds

How long does the cardiac muslce action potential take?

200-500 milliseconds

Contraction of the atria and ventricles is COORDINATED by SPECIALIZED CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS in the heart wall that form the___________? of the heart

Conduction system

Parts of the Conduction system

Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle Right and Left bundle branches Purkinje fibers

in RA • where action potential ORIGINATES • FUNCTIONS as PACEMAKER • large number of Ca2+ channels

Sinoatrial node

located in the lower portion of the right atrium • action potentials from SA node sent to this node • Action potentials SPREAD SLOWLY through it

Atrioventricular node

SLOW RATE of action potential conduction allows the atria to complete their contraction before action potentials are delivered to the ventricles

Atrioventricular node

action potential from AV node travel to AV bundle • AV BUNDLE DIVIDES into a left and right bundle branches

Antrioventricular bundle

at the tips of the left and right bundle branches PASS TO THE APEX of the heart and then extend to the cardiac muscle of the ventricle walls

Purkinje Fibers

Action potentials are RAPIDLY DELIVERED to all the cardiac muscle of the ventricles

Purkinje Fibers

Action Potential Path through Heart

1. SA node 2. AV node (atrioventricular) 3. AV bundle 4. Right and Left Bundle branches 5. Purkinje Fibers

record of ELECTRICAL EVENTS in heart • diagnoses cardiac abnormalities

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

uses electrodes • contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Components of ECG/EKG

*P wave *QRS complex *T wave

depolarization of atria

P wave

depolarization of ventricles • contains Q, R, S waves

QRS complex

repolarization of ventricles

T wave

Heart rate in excess of 100 beats per minute

Tachycardia

Heart rate less than 60 bpm

Bradycardia

is a SUMMATIVE DESCRIPTION of all the events that occur during one single heartbeat.

Cardiac Cycle

Primers for pumps of the heart

Atria

Actual Pumps of the heart

Ventricles

are responsible for blood movement.

Pressure changes

Contraction of atria

Atrial Systole

contraction of ventricles

Ventricular Systole

relaxation of atria

Atrial diastole

relaxation of ventricles

Ventricular diastole

How are heart sounds produced?

Closure of heart valves

What is the sound of the first and second heart sound?

lubb and dupp

what do you use to hear heart sounds

Stethoscope

The first heart sound is due to the closure of the?

Atrioventricular valves

The second heart sound is due to the closure of the?

Semilunar valves

due to decrease blood supply to the heart • coronary arteries are narrowed for some

Coronary Artery Disease

due to closure of one or more coronary arteries • area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking adequate blood supply die, and scars (infarct

Myocardial InfarcBon (Heart Attack)

procedure opens blocked blood vessels

Angioplasty

structures inserted to keep vessels open

Stent

procedure reroutes blood away from blocked arteries

Bypass