Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
A
*Recieving Sensory Input
• Integrating information
• Controlling muscles and glands
• Maintaining Homeostasis
• Establishing and maintaining mental activity
2
Q
The trillions of cells in the human
body do not function independently of each other but must work together to maintain homeostasis.
A
Maintaining Homeostasis
3
Q
Sensory receptors monitor numerous
external and internal stimuli. We are aware of sensations from some stimuli, such as sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, body
position, and temperature.
A
Receiving sensory input
4
Q
The brain and spinal cord are the major
organs for processing sensory input and initiating responses. The input may produce an immediate response, be stored as memory, or be ignored.
A
Integrating information
5
Q
Skeletal muscles normally
contract only when stimulated by the nervous system; thus, the nervous system controls the major movements of the body by controlling skeletal muscle.
A
Controlling muscles and glands
6
Q
The brain is the center of mental activities, including consciousness, thinking, memory, and emotions.
A
Establishing and maintaining mental activity
7
Q
Central Nervous System
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
8
Q
all the nervous
tissue outside the CNS (Nerves and ganglia
A
Peripheral Nervous System
9
Q
Two divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
A
Sensory and Motor Division
10
Q
CNS to effector organs (MOTOR
NEURONS)
A
Motor Division (efferent division)
11
Q
Subdivisions of Motor Neurons
A
*Somatic Nervous system
*Autonomic Nervous System
12
Q
has BOTH sensory and motor neurons –
DIGESTIVE TRACT
A
Enteric Nervous System
13
Q
CNS to skeletal muscle
A
Somatic Nervous System
14
Q
CNS to cardiac, smooth muscle and glands; further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
A
Autonomic Nervous System
15
Q
Contains Nucleus
A
Cell Body
16
Q
Receiving stimuli, CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs
A
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
17
Q
receive information from OTHER
NEURONS and transmit the info toward the
neuron cell body
A
Dendrites
18
Q
EXTEND from the neuron cell body. SURROUNDED by myelin sheath
A
Axon
19
Q
action potentials TOWARDS THE CNS
A
Axon of the sensory
20
Q
where the AXON LEAVE the neuron cell body
A
Axon Hillock
21
Q
Action potential AWAY FROM THE CNS
A
Axon of the motor
22
Q
Types of Neurons
A
- Multipolar Neurons
- Bipolar Neurons
- Pseudounipolar neurons
23
Q
MANY DENDRITES and a SINGLE AXON: within CNS
A
Multipolar Neurons
24
Q
has TWO PROCESSES: one dendrite and one axon ; retina of the eye, nasal cavity (Sensory organs)
A
Bipolar Neurons
25
single process EXTENDING from the cell body which
DIVIDES into 2 PROCESS (one extends to the periphery , the other to the CNS
Pseudounipolar neurons
26
PRIMARY SUPPORTING cells of the CNS and PNS (do
not conduct action potentials
Glial Cells (Neuroglia)
27
SUPPORTING cells of the CNS; blood
blain barrier
Astrocytes
28
Types of Glial Cells
*Astrocytes
*Ependymal
*Microglia
*Oligodendrocytes
*Schwann Cells
29
LINE THE FLUID cavities within the
CNS, produce CSF
Ependymal
30
Act as IMMUNE cells of the CNS
Microglia
31
provide and INSULATING
material (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes
32
provide an insulating material
(PNS)
Schwann Cells
33
SPECIALIZED LAYER that WRAP AROUND the axons
of some neurons (schwann cells or
oligodendrocytes)
Myelin Sheaths
34
Where ION MOVEMENT
occur
Nodes of Ranvier
35
Organization of Nervous Tissue
*Gray Matter
*White Matter
36
groups of neuron cell
bodies and their dendrites
Gray Matter
37
Surface of the brain
Cortex
38
deeper in the brain
nuclei
39
bundles of PARALLEL AXONS with their myelin sheaths
White Matter
40
Nerve tracts (conduction
pathways)
CNS
41
Nerves
PNS
42
40% of the brain
* Contains most of the brain’s neuronal cell bodies
*Serves to process information
(Fully develops at 20s)
Gray Matter
43
60% of the brain
* Made up of bundles which connect various gray matter areas
* Allows communication to and from grey matter areas, and between the grey matter and the other parts of the body
(Develop throughout 20s and peaks in Middle age)
White Matter
44
Mostly heavily myelinated axons
* Connects brain regions to help with learning, attention, and motor control
Peaks in middle age
White Matter
45
Mostly Neuronal cell bodies
*Processes and transmits information; controls movement, memory, and emotion
Gray matter
46
inside cell membrane (negative); outside (positive)
Polarized cell membrane
47
Depolarization - Repolarization = ?
Action Potential
48
At the end of repolarization, the charge on
the cell membrane briefly becomes MORE NEGATIVE than R.M.P (Short
time)
Hyperpolarization
49
SLOW ACTION potentials; continuous
conduction
Unmyelinated action
50
LOCAL CURRENT flow through the nodes of ranvier;
action potential jump from one node to another; SALTATORY CONDUCTION
Myelinated axon
51
the JUNCTION where the axon of one neuron
INTERACTS with another neuron or with cells of an
effector organ
Synapse
52
forms at the END of the axon
Presynaptic Terminal
53
membrane of the dendrite/effector cell
Post Synaptic Membrane
54
SEPARATES the two terminal
Synaptic cleft
55
STORED in synaptic vesicles in
the presynaptic terminal; rapidly broken down by
enzymes w/in synaptic cleft or transported back to
postsynaptic terminal.
Neurotransmitters
56
CNS synapse, ANS synapses, and neuromuscular junctions
*Excitatory or inhibitory
Acetylcholine (ACh)
57
SELECTED CNS synapses and some ANS synapses
*Excitatory
Norepinephrine (NE)
58
CNS synapses
* Generally inhibitory
Serotonin
59
Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses
*Excitatory or Inhibitory
Dopamine
60
CNS synapses
*Inhibitory
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
61
CNS synapses
*Inhibitory
Glycine
62
Descending pain pathways
*Inhibitory
Endorphins
63
INVOLUNTARY REACTIONS in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS
Reflexes
64
is the BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNIT of nervous system because it is the smallest, SIMPLEST PATHWAY capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.
Reflex arc
65
5 basic components of Reflexes
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. interneurons
4. motor neuron
5. effector organ
66
EXTENDS FROM THE FORAMEN
magnum to the 2nd lumbar
vertebra
Spinal Cord
67
INFERIOR END of
the cord and nerves
Cauda equina
68
sensory neurons
Dorsal root ganglia
69
cell bodies of
motor neurons (muscle and glands)
Anterior and lateral horns of the gray matter
70
somatic motor neuron
Anterior Horn
71
autonomic neurons
Lateral Horn
72
contains motor axons
Dorsal Root
73
muscles CONTRACTS in response to a STRETCHING FORCE applied to them
Stretch Reflex
74
determines if the HIGHER CNS CENTER
that normally influence this reflex are
functionaL
Knee - Jerk Reflex (patellar reflex)
75
REMOVE A LIMB or another body part
from a PAINFUL STIMULUS
Withdrawal Reflex (flexor reflex)
76
ARISE ALONG THE SPINAL CORD from the union of the dorsal roots and ventral roots
• contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons (mixed
nerves)
Spinal Nerves
77
how many pairs does the spinal nerves
31 pairs
78
3 major plexuses
Cervical
brachial
lumbosacral
79
pelvic floor and SKIN OVER the coccyx
Small coccygeal plexus
80
extend around the thorax, giving off
branches to muscles and skin
T2-T11
81
C1-C4
*Phrenic
*Neck Muscles (Diaphragm)
Cervical
82
C5-T1
*Axillary
*Radial
*Musculocutaneous
*Ulnar
*Median
Brachial
83
L1-S4
*Obturator
*Femoral
*Tibial
*Common fibular
Lumbosacral
84
S5 & Co
*Pelvic floor muscles
Coccygeal
85
CONNECTS THE SPINAL CORD to the REMAINDER of the
BRAIN
• Control of heart rate, blood pressure and
breathing
• damage to small areas of the brainstem can
cause death
Brainstem
86
most INFERIOR PORTION of
the BRAINSTEM; heartrate, vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing ,
sneezing, balance and coordination
Medulla Oblongata
87
anterior surface - DESCENDING NERVE
tracts; conscious control of the skeletal muscles
Pyramid
88
SUPERIOR to the medulla oblongata; contains ASCENDING and DESCENDING tracts
Pons
89
SUPERIOR TO THE PONS and the SMALLEST REGION of the
brainstem
Midbrain
90
FUNCTIONAL BRIDGE between cerebrum and cerebellum
• breathing, swallowing and balance, chewing and salivation
Pons
91
AUDITORY nerve pathways in the CNS
2 inferior colliculi
92
VISUAL REFLEXES and receive touch and auditory input
2 superior colliculi
93
SCATTERED throughout the BRAINSTEM
• REGULATING CYCLICAL MOTOR FUNCTIONS s/as
respiration, walking and chewing
Reticular Formation
94
sleep-wake cycle,
arousal, consciousness
Reticular activating system
95
_____________ is Attached to the brainstem
by several large connections
called_________?
Cerebellum
Cerebellar peduncles
96
provide ROUTES of
COMMUNICATION between
the cerebellum and other
parts of the CNS
Cerebellar peduncles
97
Parts of Diencephalon
*Thalamus
*Epithalamus
*Hypothalamus
98
LARGEST; INFLUENCES MOOD and registers an unlocalized
uncomfortable perception of pain
Thalamus
99
small area superior and posterior to the thalamus;
EMOTIONAL AND VISCERAL response to odors
Epithalamus
100
INFERIOR; MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS (hunger,
thirst, body temp), sexual pleasure,
rage , fear and relaxation, secretion
of hormones in the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
101
Onset of Puberty
Pineal Gland
102
largest part of the brain
• divided into left and right hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure
Cerebrum
103
easily SEEN FEATURE on the surface of each
hemisphere
Gyri and Sulci
104
voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggresion,
mood and smell
Frontal lobe
105
SENSORY INFORMATION : touch, pain, temperature
and balance
Parietal lobe
106
visual input
Occipital lobe
107
olfactory, auditory , memory
Temporal lobe
108
PSYCHIC CORTEX; abstract thought and
judgement
Ant and post portions
109
SENSORY INPUT to the brainstem
and diencephalon helps
maintain homeostatis
Sensory Functions
110
informed about our
environment; control of motor
functions
• PERCEPTION
Cerebrum/cerebellum
111
pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations
Spinothalamic
112
PROPRIOCEPTION, touch, deep pressure, and vibration
Dorsal Column
113
Proprioception to cerebellum
Spinocerebellar
114
Occipital lobe
Visual Cortex
115
Temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
116
Insula
Taste area
117
The motor system of the brain and spinal cord is responsible for MAINTAINING BODY POSTURE and balance as well as a lot of voluntary and involuntary movements.
Motor Functions
118
action potentials initiated in this region CONTROL VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS of SKELETAL muscles.
Primary motor cortex (posterior portion of the frontal lobe)
119
where MOTOR FUNCTIONS are ORGANIZED
before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex
Premotor area of the frontal lobe
120
motivation to PLAN A MOVEMENT; MOTIVATION and
regulation of emotional behavior and mood; emotional complexity;
capacity to think
Prefrontal area
121
GROUP OF FUNCTIONALLY related nuclei
• Corpus striatum (deep within the
cerebrum)
• Substantia nigra (darkly pigmented
cells in the midbrain)
Basal Nuclei
122
basal nuclei
disorders
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington disease
Cerebral palsy
123
COMPARATORS the
data from two sources
Comparator
124
INHIBIT the function of cerebellum
Effect of alcohol
125
RECEIVES sensory input from
and CONTROLS muscular activity
in the LEFT HALF of the body
(Vice Versa)
Right cerebral hemisphere
126
largest commisure
Corpus Callosum
127
more analytical
left hemisphere
128
creative
right hemisphere
129
Speech
Left cerebral cortex
130
two major cortical area for speech
*Sensory Speech area
*Motor speech
131
Located in the temporal lobe. understanding and formulating coherent speech
*Wernicke area
sensory speech area
132
in frontal lobe - controls movement necessary in
speech
*Broca area
motor speech
133
INVOLVE BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR
PATHWAYS
Speech
134
Working, short-term and long-term
storage memory
135
facts (declarative), skills (propcedural)
Long term memory
136
lasts only a FEW SECONDS TO MINUTES and
occurs mostly in the FRONTAL CORTEX
working memory
137
RETAINED for a few mins to days ; susceptible to
brain trauma, certain drugs
short term
138
process of FORMATION of new and stronger
SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS
consolidation
139
RETENTION OF FACTS
(name, dates and places)
declarative memory(explicit memory)
140
involves the
DEVELOPMENT of MOTOR SKILLS
procedural memory(reflexive memory)
141
involves structural and functional
changes in neurons that lead to LONG TERM ENHANCEMENT of synaptic of synaptic transmission (memory engrams/memory traces)
Long term memory
142
What are the parts of the Limbic System
*Thalamus
*Corpus Callosum
*Basal Ganglia
*Amygdala
*Hippocampus
*Cerebellum
*Brain Stem
*Olfactory Bulb
143
Major source of sensory input
olfactory nerves
144
Types of Emotional Behaviours
Fear, Anger, Anxiety, Sexual Desire, Affection
145
SURROUND and PROTECT the brain and the spinal cord
Meninges
146
most SUPERFICIAL and THICKEST of the meninges
Dura Mater
147
SPACE BETWEEN the dura mater and vertebrae;
epidural anesthesia
Epidural Space
148
space bet dura and arachnoid is the SUBDURAL SPACE
Arachnoid Mater
149
space bet the pia and arachnoid is the SUBARACHNPID SPACE
(filled with csf and blood vessels)
TIGHTLY BOUND TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Pia mater
150
spinal block/ spinal
tap
Subarachnoid space
151
The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
152
fluid filled cavities
Ventricles
153
midline cavity
Third Ventricle
154
- continuous with the central canal of the
spinal cord
fourth ventricle
155
BATHES the brain and the
spinal cord that provides
cushion around the CNS
Cerebrospinal Fluid
156
produces by the CHOROID PLEXUS , made of EPENDYMAL
cells located in the ventricles
Cerebrospinal Fluid
157
fills the brain ventricles,
central canal of the spinal cord
and the subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid
158
Two General characteristics of the cranial nerves
Sensory and Motor
159
Special Senses
Sensory
160
SKELETAL MUSCLES of head and neck
Somatic Motor
161
glands, s.m,
cardiac)
Parasympathetic
162
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory VII. Facial
II.Optic. VII. Vestibulochlear
III.Oculomotor. IX. Glossopharyngeal
IV. Trochlear. X. Vagus
V. Trigeminal. XI. Accessory
VI.Abducens. XII. Hypoglossal
163
Smell
(sensory)
Olfactory
164
Vision
(Sensory)
Optic
165
MOTOR to four of six entrinsic eye muscles and upper eyelid; PARASYMPATHETIC: constricts pupil, thickens lens
Oculomotor
166
MOTOR to One extrinsic eye muscle
Trochlear and Abducens
167
SENSORY to face, and teeth; motor to muscles of mastucation (Chewing)
Trigeminal
168
SENSORY: taste, MOTOR to muscles of facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands
FACIAL
169
Hearing and balance
(Sensory)
Vestibulocochlear
170
SENSORY: taste and touch to back of tounge; MOTOR to pharyngeal muscles; PARASYMPATHETIC to salivary glands
Glossopharyngeal
171
SENSORY to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; MOTOR to palate, pharynx, and larynx; PARASYMPATHETIC to viscera of thorax and abdomen
Vagus
172
MOTOR to two neck and upper back muscles
Accessory
173
MOTOR to tounge muscles
Hypoglossal
174
Cranial nerves that are only SENSORY
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear
175
Cranial Nerves that are only MOTORS
*Trochlear
*Abducens
*Accessory
*Hypoglossal
176
Cranial Nerve that is SENSORY and MOTOR only
Trigeminal
177
Cranial Nerve that is MOTOR and PARASYMPATHETIC only
Oculomotor
178
Cranial Nerves that are SENSORY, MOTOR, AND PARASYMPATHETIC
*Facial
*Glossopharyngeal
*Vagus
179
comprises motor neurons that carry action potentials from the CNS to the periphery
• innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
• largely controlled unconsciously
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
180
Two divisions of ANS
*Sympathetic Division (Physical Activity)
*Parasympathetic Division (Involuntary Actions)
181
“Fight or Flight”
*Pre ganglionic neurons are in the lateral
horn of the spinal cord gray matter between
the T1-L2.
*post ganglionic cell bodies are located in
sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral
ganglia
Sympathetic Division
182
“Rest and Digest”
*Pre ganglionic cell body is located within cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X; S2-S4 Spinal nerves
• post ganglionic cell bodies are located in terminal ganglia near or embedded in the walls of target organs
Parasympathetic Division
183
consists of plexuses within the wall of the DIGESTIVE TRACT
Enteric Nervous System
184
Connects the digestive tract to the CNS
Sensory Neurons
185
nuerons that connect the CNC to
the digestive tract
sympathetic and parasympathetic nuerons
186
neurons within the enteric plexuses
Enteric neurons
187
are sensory, motor or interneurons: they recieve
CNS input but can also function independently
Enteric Neurons
188
Sensory and motor functions decline with age
• Mental functions, including memory, may decline with age but this varies from person to person
Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
