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ANAPHY Midterms > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

*Recieving Sensory Input
• Integrating information
• Controlling muscles and glands
• Maintaining Homeostasis
• Establishing and maintaining mental activity

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2
Q

The trillions of cells in the human
body do not function independently of each other but must work together to maintain homeostasis.

A

Maintaining Homeostasis

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3
Q

Sensory receptors monitor numerous
external and internal stimuli. We are aware of sensations from some stimuli, such as sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, body
position, and temperature.

A

Receiving sensory input

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4
Q

The brain and spinal cord are the major
organs for processing sensory input and initiating responses. The input may produce an immediate response, be stored as memory, or be ignored.

A

Integrating information

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5
Q

Skeletal muscles normally
contract only when stimulated by the nervous system; thus, the nervous system controls the major movements of the body by controlling skeletal muscle.

A

Controlling muscles and glands

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6
Q

The brain is the center of mental activities, including consciousness, thinking, memory, and emotions.

A

Establishing and maintaining mental activity

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7
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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8
Q

all the nervous
tissue outside the CNS (Nerves and ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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9
Q

Two divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory and Motor Division

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10
Q

CNS to effector organs (MOTOR
NEURONS)

A

Motor Division (efferent division)

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11
Q

Subdivisions of Motor Neurons

A

*Somatic Nervous system
*Autonomic Nervous System

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12
Q

has BOTH sensory and motor neurons –
DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

Enteric Nervous System

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13
Q

CNS to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic Nervous System

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14
Q

CNS to cardiac, smooth muscle and glands; further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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15
Q

Contains Nucleus

A

Cell Body

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16
Q

Receiving stimuli, CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

A

Neurons (Nerve Cells)

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17
Q

receive information from OTHER
NEURONS and transmit the info toward the
neuron cell body

A

Dendrites

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18
Q

EXTEND from the neuron cell body. SURROUNDED by myelin sheath

A

Axon

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19
Q

action potentials TOWARDS THE CNS

A

Axon of the sensory

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20
Q

where the axon LEAVE the neuron cell body

A

Axon Hillock

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21
Q

Action potential AWAY FROM THE CNS

A

Axon of the motor

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22
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Multipolar Neurons
  • Bipolar Neurons
  • Pseudounipolar neurons
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23
Q

MANY DENDRITES and a SINGLE AXON: within CNS

A

Multipolar Neurons

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24
Q

has TWO PROCESSES: one dendrite and one axon ; retina of the eye, nasal cavity (Sensory organs)

A

Bipolar Neurons

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25
Q

single process EXTENDING from the cell body which
DIVIDES into 2 PROCESS (one extends to the periphery , the other to the CNS

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

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26
Q

PRIMARY SUPPORTING cells of the CNS and PNS (do
not conduct action potentials

A

Glial Cells (Neuroglia)

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27
Q

SUPPORTING cells of the CNS; blood
blain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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28
Q

Types of Glial Cells

A

*Astrocytes
*Ependymal
*Microglia
*Oligodendrocytes
*Schwann Cells

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29
Q

LINE THE FLUID cavities within the
CNS, produce CSF

A

Ependymal

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30
Q

Act as IMMUNE cells of the CNS

A

Microglia

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31
Q

provide and INSULATING
material (CNS)

A

Oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

provide an insulating material
(PNS)

A

Schwann Cells

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33
Q

SPECIALIZED LAYER that WRAP AROUND the axons
of some neurons (schwann cells or
oligodendrocytes)

A

Myelin Sheaths

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34
Q

Where ION MOVEMENT
occur

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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35
Q

Organization of Nervous Tissue

A

*Gray Matter
*White Matter

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36
Q

groups of neuron cell
bodies and their dendrites

A

Gray Matter

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37
Q

Surface of the brain

A

Cortex

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38
Q

deeper in the brain

A

nuclei

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39
Q

bundles of PARALLEL AXONS with their myelin sheaths

A

White Matter

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40
Q

Nerve tracts (conduction
pathways)

A

CNS

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41
Q

Nerves

A

PNS

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42
Q

40% of the brain
* Contains most of the brain’s neuronal cell bodies
*Serves to process information
(Fully develops at 20s)

A

Gray Matter

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43
Q

60% of the brain
* Made up of bundles which connect various gray matter areas
* Allows communication to and from grey matter areas, and between the grey matter and the other parts of the body

(Develop throughout 20s and peaks in Middle age)

A

White Matter

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44
Q

Mostly heavily myelinated axons
* Connects brain regions to help with learning, attention, and motor control

Peaks in middle age

A

White Matter

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45
Q

Mostly Neuronal cell bodies

*Processes and transmits information; controls movement, memory, and emotion

A

Gray matter

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46
Q

inside cell membrane (negative); outside (positive)

A

Polarized cell membrane

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47
Q

Depolarization - Repolarization = ?

A

Action Potential

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48
Q

At the end of repolarization, the charge on
the cell membrane briefly becomes MORE NEGATIVE than R.M.P (Short
time)

A

Hyperpolarization

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49
Q

SLOW ACTION potentials; continuous
conduction

A

Unmyelinated action

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50
Q

LOCAL CURRENT flow through the nodes of ranvier;
action potential jump from one node to another; SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A

Myelinated axon

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51
Q

the JUNCTION where the axon of one neuron
INTERACTS with another neuron or with cells of an
effector organ

A

Synapse

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52
Q

forms at the END of the axon

A

Presynaptic Terminal

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53
Q

membrane of the dendrite/effector cell

A

Post Synaptic Membrane

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54
Q

SEPARATES the two terminal

A

Synaptic cleft

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55
Q

STORED in synaptic vesicles in
the presynaptic terminal; rapidly broken down by
enzymes w/in synaptic cleft or transported back to
postsynaptic terminal.

A

Neurotransmitters

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56
Q

CNS synapse, ANS synapses, and neuromuscular junctions

*Excitatory or inhibitory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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57
Q

SELECTED CNS synapses and some ANS synapses

*Excitatory

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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58
Q

CNS synapses

  • Generally inhibitory
A

Serotonin

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59
Q

Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses

*Excitatory or Inhibitory

A

Dopamine

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60
Q

CNS synapses

*Inhibitory

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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61
Q

CNS synapses

*Inhibitory

A

Glycine

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62
Q

Descending pain pathways

*Inhibitory

A

Endorphins

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63
Q

INVOLUNTARY REACTIONS in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS

A

Reflexes

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64
Q

is the BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNIT of nervous system because it is the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

A

Reflex arc

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65
Q

5 basic components of Reflexes

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. interneurons
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector organ
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66
Q

EXTENDS FROM THE FORAMEN
magnum to the 2nd lumbar
vertebra

A

Spinal Cord

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67
Q

INFERIOR END of
the cord and nerves

A

Cauda equina

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68
Q

sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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69
Q

cell bodies of
motor neurons (muscle and glands)

A

Anterior and lateral horns of the gray matter

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70
Q

somatic motor neuron

A

Anterior Horn

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71
Q

autonomic neurons

A

Lateral Horn

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72
Q

contains motor axons

A

Dorsal Root

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73
Q

muscles CONTRACTS in response to a STRETCHING FORCE applied to them

A

Stretch Reflex

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74
Q

determines if the HIGHER CNS CENTER
that normally influence this reflex are
functionaL

A

Knee - Jerk Reflex (patellar reflex)

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75
Q

REMOVE A LIMB or another body part
from a PAINFUL STIMULUS

A

Withdrawal Reflex (flexor reflex)

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76
Q

ARISE ALONG THE SPINAL CORD from the union of the dorsal roots and ventral roots
• contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons (mixed
nerves)

A

Spinal Nerves

77
Q

how many pairs does the spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

78
Q

3 major plexuses

A

Cervical
brachial
lumbosacral

79
Q

pelvic floor and SKIN OVER the coccyx

A

Small coccygeal plexus

80
Q

extend around the thorax, giving off
branches to muscles and skin

A

T2-T11

81
Q

C1-C4

*Phrenic
*Neck Muscles (Diaphragm)

A

Cervical

82
Q

C5-T1
*Axillary
*Radial
*Musculocutaneous
*Ulnar
*Median

A

Brachial

83
Q

L1-S4
*Obturator
*Femoral
*Tibial
*Common fibular

A

Lumbosacral

84
Q

S5 & Co

*Pelvic floor muscles

A

Coccygeal

85
Q

CONNECTS THE SPINAL CORD to the REMAINDER of the
BRAIN
• Control of heart rate, blood pressure and
breathing
• damage to small areas of the brainstem can
cause death

A

Brainstem

86
Q

most INFERIOR PORTION of
the BRAINSTEM; heartrate, vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing ,
sneezing, balance and coordination

A

Medulla Oblongata

87
Q

anterior surface - DESCENDING NERVE
tracts; conscious control of the skeletal muscles

A

Pyramid

88
Q

SUPERIOR to the medulla oblongata; contains ASCENDING and DESCENDING tracts

A

Pons

89
Q

SUPERIOR TO THE PONS and the SMALLEST REGION of the
brainstem

A

Midbrain

90
Q

FUNCTIONAL BRIDGE between cerebrum and cerebellum
• breathing, swallowing and balance, chewing and salivation

A

Pons

91
Q

AUDITORY nerve pathways in the CNS

A

2 inferior colliculi

92
Q

VISUAL REFLEXES and receive touch and auditory input

A

2 superior colliculi

93
Q

SCATTERED throughout the BRAINSTEM
• regulating cyclical motor functions s/as
respiration, walking and chewing

A

Reticular Formation

94
Q

sleep-wake cycle,
arousal, consciousness

A

Reticular activating system

95
Q

_____________ is Attached to the brainstem
by several large connections
called_________?

A

Cerebellum
Cerebellar peduncles

96
Q

provide ROUTES of
COMMUNICATION between
the cerebellum and other
parts of the CNS

A

Cerebellar peduncles

97
Q

Parts of Diencephalon

A

*Thalamus
*Epithalamus
*Hypothalamus

98
Q

LARGEST; INFLUENCES MOOD and registers an unlocalized
uncomfortable perception of pain

A

Thalamus

99
Q

small area superior and posterior to the thalamus;
EMOTIONAL AND VISCERAL response to odors

A

Epithalamus

100
Q

INFERIOR; MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS (hunger,
thirst, body temp), sexual pleasure,
rage , fear and relaxation, secretion
of hormones in the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Onset of Puberty

A

Pineal Gland

102
Q

largest part of the brain
• divided into left and right hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure

A

Cerebrum

103
Q

easily SEEN FEATURE on the surface of each
hemisphere

A

Gyri and Sulci

104
Q

voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggresion,
mood and smell

A

Frontal lobe

105
Q

sensory informations : touch, pain, temperature
and balance

A

Parietal lobe

106
Q

visual input

A

Occipital lobe

107
Q

olfactory, auditory , memory

A

Temporal lobe

108
Q

PSYCHIC CORTEX; abstract thought and
judgement

A

Ant and post portions

109
Q

SENSORY INPUT to the brainstem
and diencephalon helps
maintain homeostatis

A

Sensory Functions

110
Q

informed about our
environment; control of motor
functions
• PERCEPTION

A

Cerebrum/cerebellum

111
Q

pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations

A

Spinothalamic

112
Q

Proprioception, touch, deep pressure, and vibration

A

Dorsal Column

113
Q

Proprioception to cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellar

114
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual Cortex

115
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex

116
Q

Insula

A

Taste area

117
Q

The motor system of the brain and spinal cord is responsible for MAINTAINING BODY POSTURE and balance as well as a lot of voluntary and involuntary movements.

A

Motor Functions

118
Q

action potentials initiated in this region control voluntary movements of skeletal
muscles.

A

Primary motor cortex (posterior portion of the frontal lobe)

119
Q

where motor functions are organized
before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex

A

Premotor area of the frontal lobe

120
Q

motivation to PLAN A MOVEMENT; motivation and
regulation of emotional behavior and mood; emotional complexity;
capacity to think

A

Prefrontal area

121
Q

Group of functionally related nuclei
• Corpus striatum (deep within the
cerebrum)
• Substantia nigra (darkly pigmented
cells in the midbrain)

A

Basal Nuclei

122
Q

basal nuclei
disorders

A

Parkinson’s disease
Huntington disease
Cerebral palsy

123
Q

COMPARATORS the
data from two sources

A

Comparator

124
Q

inhibit the function of cerebellum

A

Effect of alcohol

125
Q

receives sensory input from
and controls muscular activity
in the left half of the body
(Vice Versa)

A

Right cerebral hemisphere

126
Q

largest commisure

A

Corpus Callosum

127
Q

more analytical

A

left hemisphere

128
Q

creative

A

right hemisphere

129
Q

Speech

A

Left cerbral cortex

130
Q

two major cortical area for speech

A

*Sensory Speech area
*Motor speech

131
Q

Located in the parietal lobe. understanding and formulating coherent speech

*Wernicke area

A

sensory speech area

132
Q

in frontal lobe - controls movement necessary in
speech

*Broca area

A

motor speech

133
Q

INVOLVE BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR
PATHWAYS

A

Speech

134
Q

Working, short-term and long-term

A

storage memory

135
Q

facts (declarative), skills (propcedural)

A

Long term memory

136
Q

lasts only a few seconds to minutes and
occurs mostly in the frontal cortex

A

working memory

137
Q

retained for a few mins to days ; susceptible to
brain trauma, certain drugs

A

short term

138
Q

process of formation of new and stronger
synaptic connections

A

consolidation

139
Q

retention of facts
(name, dates and places)

A

declarative memory(explicit memory)

140
Q

involves the
development of motor skills

A

procedural memory(reflexive memory)

141
Q

involves structural and functional
changes in neurons that lead to LONG TERM enhacement of synaptic of synaptic transmission (memory engrams/memory traces)

A

Long term memory

142
Q

What are the parts of the Limbic System

A

*Thalamus
*Corpus Callosum
*Basal Ganglia
*Amygdala
*Hippocampus
*Cerebellum
*Brain Stem
*Olfactory Bulb

143
Q

Major source of sensory input

A

olfactory nerves

144
Q

Types of Emotional Behaviours

A

Fear, Anger, Anxiety, Sexual Desire, Affection

145
Q

SURROUND and PROTECT the brain and the spinal cord

A

Meninges

146
Q

most SUPERFICIAL and THICKEST of the meninges

A

Dura Mater

147
Q

SPACE BETWEEN the dura mater and vertebrae;
epidural anesthesia

A

Epidural Space

148
Q

space bet dura and arachnoid is the SUBDURAL SPACE

A

Arachnoid Mater

149
Q

space bet the pia and arachnoid is the SUBARACHNPID SPACE
(filled with csf and blood vessels)

TIGHTLY BOUND TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

A

Pia mater

150
Q

spinal block/ spinal
tap

A

Subarachnoid space

151
Q

The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the subdural space

A

Arachnoid Mater

152
Q

fluid filled cavities

A

Ventricles

153
Q

midline cavity

A

Third Ventricle

154
Q
  • continuous with the central canal of the
    spinal cord
A

fourth ventricle

155
Q

bathes the brain and the
spinal cord that provides
cushion around the CNS

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

156
Q

produces by the choroid
plexuses , made of ependymal
cells located in the ventricles

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

157
Q

fills the brain ventricles,
central canal of the spinal cord
and the subarachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

158
Q

Two General characteristics of the cranial nerves

A

Sensory and Motor

159
Q

Special Senses

A

Sensory

160
Q

skeletal muscles of head and neck

A

Somatic Motor

161
Q

glands, s.m,
cardiac)

A

Parasympathetic

162
Q

What are the 12 Cranial Nerves

A

I. Olfactory VII. Facial
II.Optic. VII. Vestibulochlear
III.Oculomotor. IX. Glossopharyngeal
IV. Trochlear. X. Vagus
V. Trigeminal. XI. Accessory
VI.Abducens. XII. Hypoglossal

163
Q

Smell

(sensory)

A

Olfactory

164
Q

Vision

(Sensory)

A

Optic

165
Q

MOTOR to four of six entrinsic eye muscles and upper eyelid; PARASYMPATHETIC: constricts pupil, thickens lens

A

Oculomotor

166
Q

MOTOR to One extrinsic eye muscle

A

Trochlear and Abducens

167
Q

SENSORY to face, and teeth; motor to muscles of mastucation (Chewing)

A

Trigeminal

168
Q

SENSORY: taste, MOTOR to muscles of facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands

A

FACIAL

169
Q

Hearing and balance

(Sensory)

A

Vestibulocochlear

170
Q

SENSORY: taste and touch to back of tounge; MOTOR to pharyngeal muscles; PARASYMPATHETIC to salivary glands

A

Glossopharyngeal

171
Q

SENSORY to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; MOTOR to palate, pharynx, and larynx; PARASYMPATHETIC to viscera of thorax and abdomen

A

Vagus

172
Q

MOTOR to two neck and upper back muscles

A

Accessory

173
Q

MOTOR to tounge muscles

A

Hypoglossal

174
Q

Cranial nerves that are only SENSORY

A

Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear

175
Q

Cranial Nerves that are only MOTORS

A

*Trochlear
*Abducens
*Accessory
*Hypoglossal

176
Q

Cranial Nerve that is SENSORY and MOTOR only

A

Trigeminal

177
Q

Cranial Nerve that is MOTOR and PARASYMPATHETIC only

A

Oculomotor

178
Q

Cranial Nerves that are SENSORY, MOTOR, AND PARASYMPATHETIC

A

*Facial
*Glossopharyngeal
*Vagus

179
Q

comprises motor neurons that carry action potentials from the CNS to the periphery
• innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
• largely controlled unconsciously

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

180
Q

Two divisions of ANS

A

*Sympathetic Division (Physical Activity)
*Parasympathetic Division (Involuntary Actions)

181
Q

“Fight or Flight”

*Pre ganglionic neurons are in the lateral
horn of the spinal cord gray matter between
the T1-L2.

*post ganglionic cell bodies are located in
sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral
ganglia

A

Sympathetic Division

182
Q

“Rest and Digest”

*Pre ganglionic cell body is located within cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X; S2-S4 Spinal nerves

• post ganglionic cell bodies are located in terminal ganglia near or embedded in the walls of target organs

A

Parasympathetic Division

183
Q

consists of plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract

A

Enteric Nervous System

184
Q

Connects the digestive tract to the CNS

A

Sensory Neurons

185
Q

nuerons that connect the CNC to
the digestive tract

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nuerons

186
Q

neurons within the enteric plexuses

A

Enteric neurons

187
Q

are sensory, motor or imnterneurons: they recieve
CNS input but can also function independently

A

Enteric Neurons

188
Q

Sensory and motor functions decline with age
• Mental functions, including memory, may decline with age but this varies from person to person

A

Effects of Aging on the Nervous System

ANAPHY Midterms (5 decks)

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