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ANAPHY Midterms > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue sheath surrounding the skeletal muscle

A

EPIMYSIUM or Muscular fascia

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2
Q

each whole muscle is subdivided by a loose connective tissue called the ____________? into numerous visible bundles called___________?

A

Perimysium
Muscle Fasciculi

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3
Q

cell membrane of the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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4
Q

several nuclei located at its periphery

A

Muscle Fiber

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5
Q

connect the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (high concentration of Ca2+)

A

Transverse Tubules

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6
Q

contains myofibrils - Threadlike structure that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

A

Sarcoplasm

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7
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle ; capable of contracting

A

Sarcomere

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8
Q

network of protein fibers forming an attachment site for actin myofilaments

A

Z Disk

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9
Q

Consists of actin myofilaments, spans each Z disk and ends at the myosin filaments

A

I Band

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10
Q

A DARKER central region which extends the length of the myosin myofilaments

A

A Band

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11
Q

consists of only myosin myofilaments

A

H zone

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12
Q

Where the myosin filaments are ANCHORED; dark staining band

A

M Line

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13
Q

the charge difference whIch occurs because there is an UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION of ions acrosss cell membrane

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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14
Q

concentration of________inside is higher than the outside of cell membrane

A

K+

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15
Q

concentration of_______outside is higher than the inside of cell membrane

A

Na+

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16
Q

the cell membrane is more permeable to?

A

K+ than it is to Na+

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17
Q

the sodium potassium pump transport K+ from outside the cell to the inside and transports Na+ from inside to outside.

A

when at rest

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18
Q

achieved by changes in membrane permeability to Na+ or K+ ions.

A

changes in resting membrane potential

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19
Q

Na concentration is much greater outside than the inside - cell membrane is negative - diffuses to inside causing is to be positively charge - then Na gates close, additional K gates open

A

Depolarization

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20
Q

tendency of Na to ENTER THE CELL DECREASES and K
to leave the cell increases ; return to resting state

A

Repolarization

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21
Q

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

Action Potential

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22
Q

specialized NERVE CELLS that stimulate muscles To contract; axons of these neurons enter muscles and send out branches to several muscle fibers.

A

Motor Neurons

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23
Q

cell to cell junction
between a nerve cell and an
effector cell

A

Synapse

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24
Q

What are the Functions of Muscular System

A

*Movement of the Body
*Maintenance of Posture
*Respiration
*Production of body heat
*Communication
*Constriction of organs and vessels
*Contraction of the heart

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25
Q

Most skeletal muscles are attached to
bones and are responsible for the majority of BODY MOVEMENTS, including walking, running, chewing, and manipulating objects
with the hands.

A

Movement of the body

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26
Q

Skeletal muscles constantly maintain
tone, which keeps us sitting or STANDING ERECT

A

Maintenance of posture

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27
Q

Skeletal muscles of the thorax carry out the move-
ments necessary for RESPIRATION.

A

Respiration

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28
Q

When skeletal muscles contract, heat
is given off as a by-product. This RELEASE HEAT is critical for MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE.

A

Production of body heat

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29
Q

Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of
communication, including speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and smiling or frowning.

A

Communication

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30
Q

The CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE within the walls of internal organs and vessels causes those structures to constrict. This constriction can help propel and mix food and water in the digestive tract; remove materials from organs, such as the urinary bladder or sweat glands; and regulate blood flow through vessels.

A

Constriction of organs and vessels

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31
Q

The CONTRACTION of CARDIAC MUSCLE
causes the heart to beat, propelling blood to all parts of the body.

A

Contraction of the heart

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32
Q

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

A

*Constitutes of approximately 40% of body weight
*Striated Muscles
*Contractility
*Excitability
*Extensibility
*Elasticity

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33
Q

the ability of MUSCLE TO SHORTEN FORCEFULLY. For example, lifting this textbook requires certain muscles to contract.

A

Contractility

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34
Q

is the capacity of muscle to RESPOND to a STIMULUS Normally, the stimulus is from nerves that we consciously control.

A

Excitability

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35
Q

means a muscle can be STRETCHED BEYOND ITS NORMAL resting length and still be able to contract. If you stretch to reach a dropped pencil, your muscles are longer than they are normally but you can still retrieve the pencil.

A

Extensibility

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36
Q

is the ability of muscle to RECOIL to its original resting length after it has been stretched. Taking a deep breath demonstrates ELASTICITY because exhalation is simply the ­ recoil of your respiratory muscles back to the resting position, similar to releasing a stretched rubberband.

A

Elasticity

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37
Q

contraction of a muscle fiber in RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS

A

Muscle Twitch

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38
Q

3 PHASES of muscle twitch

A

*Lag Phase/Latent Phase
*Contraction Phase
*Relaxation Phase

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39
Q

based on the differences in the rod
portion of the myosin myofilament

A

slow twitch or fast twitch

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40
Q

contain type I myosin ; CONTRACT LESS

A

Slow Twitch

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41
Q

either type IIa or type IIb myosin myofilaments;
CONTRACT QUICKLY

A

Fast Twitch

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42
Q

More efficient but takes several minutes, the break down of a single glucose molecule produces approx 18x more ATP; breakdown of lipid and amino acid to form ATP

A

Aerobic production of ATP

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43
Q

can produce ATP in a matter of seconds but too low to maintain activities

A

Anaerobic production

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44
Q

energy storage that can rapidly used to help maintain adequate ATP

A

Conversion of a molecule

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45
Q

presence of AMP triggers a switch from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration of blood glucose and fatty acids

A

Conversion of two ADP to one ATP a one AMP

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46
Q

respiratory rate and volume remain elevated for a time, even though the muscles are no
longer actively contracting, after an intense exercise

A

Recovery

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47
Q

Temporary state of reduced work capacity
• multiple mechanisms underlying muscular fatigue

A

FATIGUE

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48
Q

which is characterized by the BUILDUP OF EXCESS
reactive oxygen species; triggers the immune system to form the chemical called interleukin - 6 ; a mediator of inflammation (muscle soreness)

A

Oxidative Stress

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49
Q

T lymphocytes migrate

A

Local Inflammatory reactions

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50
Q

The length of the muscle DOES NOT CHANGE, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process;

A

Isometric Contractions

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51
Q

Type of Muscle Contractions

A

*Isometric Contractions
*Isotonic Contractions
*Concentric Contractions
*Eccentric Contractions

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52
Q

amount of tension produced by the muscle is CONSTANT DURING CONTRACTION, but the length of the muscle decreases.

A

Isotonic Contractions

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53
Q

muscle tension INCREASES as the muscle as the muscle SHORTENS

A

Concentric Contractions

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54
Q

Isotonic contractions in which TENSION IS MAINTAINED IN A MUSCLE, but the opposing resistance causes the muscle to LENGTHEN.

A

Eccentric Contractions

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55
Q

Constant tension produced by body muscles over long periods of time
.
• Responsible for keeping the back and legs straight, the head in an
upright position and the abdomen from bulging

A

Muscle tone

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56
Q

Attached to bone
Long, cylindrical
Multiple Prepheral
has striations
voluntary
Move the whole body

A

Skeletal Muscle

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57
Q

Attached to the heart
Branched
Usually single, central
Intercalated disks
has striations
has Autorhythmic
Contract heart to propel blood through the body

A

Cardiac Muscle

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58
Q

walls or hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands
Spindle shaped
Single, central
Cell-to-Cell attachments
No striations
has Autorhythmic
Involuntary movement
Compress organs, ducts, tubes and so on

A

Smooth Muscle

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59
Q

muscle connection to the bone

A

Tendon

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60
Q

broad, sheetlike tendons

A

Aponeuroses

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61
Q

band of connective tissue that HOLDS the tendons at each WRIST AND ANKLE

A

Retinaculum

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62
Q

the two points of attachment of each muscle

A

Origin and Insertion

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63
Q

the most stationary end of the muscle

A

Origin (Head)

64
Q

End of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the GREATEST MOVEMENT

A

Insertion

65
Q

The part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion

A

Belly

66
Q

A muscle that accomplishes a certain movement

A

Agonist

67
Q

a muscle acting in opposition to an agonist

A

Antagonist

68
Q

Members of a group of muscles WORKING TOGETHER to produce a movement

A

Synergist

69
Q

Major role in a movement

A

Prime Mover

70
Q

acc to location, origin and insertion, number of origins, size, function, shape

A

Nomenclature

71
Q

Facial Expression, chewing, moving
the tongue, swallowing, producing
sounds, moving the eyes and moving
the head and neck

A

Muscles of the Head and Neck

72
Q

raises the eyebrows

A

Occipitofrontalis

73
Q

encircle the eyes, close the
eyelids, “crow’s feet”

A

Orbicularis Oculi

74
Q

encircles the mouth

A

Orbicularis Oris

75
Q

kissing muscles , trumpeter’s
muscle

A

Buccinator

76
Q

elevate the upper lips and corner
of the mouth

A

Zygomaticus

77
Q

frowning and pouting;
depresses the corner of the mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

78
Q

sneering

A

Levator labii superioris

79
Q

within the tongue ;
changes the shape of the tongue

A

Intrinsic Muscles

80
Q

outside the tongue
but attached to and move the tongue

*Swallowing

A

Extrinsic Muscles

81
Q

Types of Hyoid Muscles (Suprahyoid)

A

Stylohyoid
Hyoglossus
Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid
Thyrohyoid

82
Q

Neck Muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

Deep neck muscles (neck
flexors, neck extensors

83
Q

head rotation, flexes and extends the
head

A

Sternocleidomastoid

84
Q

Can be found in the Trunk Muscles

A

Vertebral column
Thorax
abdominal wall
pelvic floor muscles

85
Q

each side of the
back, keeping the back straight

A

Erector Spinae

86
Q

between the
spinous and transcerse processes of
adjacent vertebrae ; extension,
lateral felxion and rotation

A

Deep Back Muscles

87
Q

msucle strain and sprains of lumbar
vertebral ligaments - tx: RICE ( Rest,
ice, compression and elevation) ;low
back exercises

A

Injury of the deep back muscles

88
Q

Breathing muscles

A

Thoracic Muscles

89
Q

3 parts of the Thoracic muscle

A

External Intercostals
Internal Intercostals
Diaphragm

90
Q

elevates the ribs

A

External Intercostals

91
Q

forced expiration, DEPRESSING the ribs

A

Internal Intercostals

92
Q

quiet breathing

A

Diaphragm

93
Q

Parts of the Abdominal Wall Muscles

A

*Linea Alba
*Rectus Abdominis
*External, Internal abdominal obliques
*Transversus abdominis
*Tendinous Intersections

94
Q

a vertical indentation, consisting of white
connective tissue

A

Linea Alba

95
Q

flex and rotate the
vertebral column; compress
abdominal content

A

external, internal abdominal
obliques and transversus
abdominis

96
Q

Separates the rectus abdominis

A

Tendinous intersection

97
Q

Parts of the Pelvic Floor

A

Levator Ani
Perineum
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
External anal sphincter
Transverse perineal

98
Q

contains muscles of the male and female reproductive
stuctures : Urination, defacation

A

Perineum

99
Q

erects penis/vagina, constricts urethra

A

Bulbospongiosus

100
Q

compresses base of penis or clitoris

A

Ischiocavernosus

101
Q

keeps orifice of anal canal closed

A

External anal sphincter

102
Q

supports pelvic floor

A

Transverse Perineal

103
Q

Parts of the Upper Limb Muscles

A

Limb
pectoral girdle
arm
forearm
hand

104
Q

attach the scapula to the thorax move the scapula, fixators to hold the scapula in place when the muscles of the arm contract

A

Scapular Movements

105
Q

Muscles that can be found in the scapula

A

Trapezius
• Levator Scapulae
• Rhomboids
• Serratus anterior
• Pectoralis minor

106
Q

Arm is attached to the thorax by?

A

*Pectoralis Major
*Latissimus dorsi

107
Q

adducts the arm and flexes the shoulder

A

Pectoralis Major

108
Q

medially rotates and adducts the arm and powerfully extend the shoulders

*Swimmer’s muscle

A

Latissimus dorsi

109
Q

Part of the Arm Movement

A

*Deltoid
*Pectoralis major
*Latissimus dorsi
*Rotator cuff muscles

110
Q

attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle; major abductor of upper limb

A

Deltoid

111
Q

upper chest adducts the arms and flexes the shoulder

A

pectoralis major

112
Q

Attaches the humerus to the scapula; forms a cuff over the proximal humerus

(Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor)

A

Rotator Cuff muscles

113
Q

primary extensor of the elbow

A

Triceps Brachii

114
Q

primary flexors of the elbow.

A

biceps brachii and brachialis

115
Q

flex the elbow

A

Brachioradialis

116
Q

turning the flexed forearm so that the palm is up

A

Supinator

117
Q

supinate the forearm while flexing the elbow

A

Biceps Brachii

118
Q

turning the
forearm so that the palm is
down

A

2 pronator muscle

119
Q

How many muscles does the forearm have in anterior and posterior

A

20 muscles

120
Q

This part of the muscles where flexion of the wrist and fingers are possible

A

Anterior

121
Q

extension

A

Posterior

122
Q

covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist

A

Retinaculum

123
Q

flex the wrist

A

Flexor carpi

124
Q

extends the wrist

A

Extensor cari

125
Q

flexion of the fingers

A

Flexor digitorum

126
Q

extension of the fingers

A

extensor digitorum

127
Q

How many intrinsic hand muscles does the hand have?

A

19

128
Q

Abduction and adduction of the fingers

  • LOCATED BETWEEN METACARPAL BONES
A

Interossei

129
Q

parts in the lower limb muscles

A

*Hip
*Thigh
*Leg
*Foot

130
Q

Anterior muscle
*flexes the hip

A

iliopsoas

131
Q

posterior and lateral hip muscle

A

Gluteal muscles/ Tensor Fasciae latae

132
Q

entends the hip and abducts and laterally rotates the thigh

A

Gluteus maximus

133
Q

abducts medially rotates the thigh

A

gluteus medius

134
Q

anterior thigh muscles

A

Quadriceps femoris/ Sartorius

135
Q

primary extensors of the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris

136
Q

common insertion of qf and sartoriusm

A

Patellar tendon

137
Q

extension of the tendon onto the tibial
tuberosity.

A

patellar ligament

138
Q

intermuscular injection site

A

Vastus lateralis

139
Q

longest muscle in the body

(TAILOR’S MUSCLE)
flexes the hip and knee/rotates the thigh
laterally

A

Sartorius

140
Q

posterior thigh muscles - for flexing the
knee

A

Hamstring muscles

141
Q

adductor muscles - adducting the high

A

medial thigh muscles

142
Q

How many muscles are there in a leg

A

13 muscles

143
Q

The leg is divided into 3 groups

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

144
Q

what group can the extensors involved indorsiflexion

(extension) of the foot and extension of toes

A

Anterior

145
Q

In what group can you see the Gastrocnemius, soleus -
*bulk of the calf

A

Posterior

146
Q

what are the deep muscles of posterior

A

invert foot and flex
the toes

147
Q

plantar flexion of the foot

A

Achilles tendon
or
calcaneal tendon

148
Q

In what group can you see the fiburalis muscles -everters

A

lateral

149
Q

has attachment
sites for myosin
myofilaments

A

Actin

150
Q

Have binding
sites for Ca2+

A

Troponin

151
Q

block binding sites in an
unstimulated muscle

A

Tropomyosin

152
Q

Actin three components

A

*Actin
*Troponin
*Tropomyosin

153
Q

Muscle of Mastication

A

*Temporalis
*Masseter
*Lateral Pterygoid
*Medial Pterygoid

154
Q

the actin and myosin
fibers doesn;t shorten

A

Sliding Filament Model

155
Q

the actin and myosin
fibers doesn;t shorten

A

Sliding Filament Model

ANAPHY Midterms (5 decks)

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