Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
connective tissue sheath surrounding the skeletal muscle
A
EPIMYSIUM or Muscular fascia
2
Q
each whole muscle is subdivided by a loose connective tissue called the ____________? into numerous visible bundles called___________?
A
Perimysium
Muscle Fasciculi
3
Q
cell membrane of the muscle fiber
A
Sarcolemma
4
Q
several nuclei located at its periphery
A
Muscle Fiber
5
Q
connect the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (high concentration of Ca2+)
A
Transverse Tubules
6
Q
contains myofibrils - Threadlike structure that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other
A
Sarcoplasm
7
Q
Basic structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle ; capable of contracting
A
Sarcomere
8
Q
network of protein fibers forming an ATTACHMENT SITE for ACTIN myofilaments
A
Z Disk
9
Q
Consists of actin myofilaments, spans each Z disk and ends at the myosin filaments
A
I Band
10
Q
A DARKER central region which extends the length of the myosin myofilaments
A
A Band
11
Q
consists of only myosin myofilaments
A
H zone
12
Q
Where the myosin filaments are ANCHORED; dark staining band
A
M Line
13
Q
the charge difference whIch occurs because there is an UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION of ions acrosss cell membrane
A
Resting Membrane Potential
14
Q
concentration of________inside is higher than the outside of cell membrane
A
K+
15
Q
concentration of_______outside is higher than the inside of cell membrane
A
Na+
16
Q
the cell membrane is more permeable to?
A
K+ than it is to Na+
17
Q
the sodium potassium pump transport K+ from outside the cell to the inside and transports Na+ from inside to outside.
A
when at rest
18
Q
achieved by changes in membrane permeability to Na+ or K+ ions.
A
changes in resting membrane potential
19
Q
Na concentration is much greater outside than the inside - cell membrane is negative - diffuses to inside causing is to be positively charge - then Na gates close, additional K gates open
A
Depolarization
20
Q
tendency of Na to ENTER THE CELL DECREASES and K
to leave the cell increases ; return to resting state
A
Repolarization
21
Q
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
A
Action Potential
22
Q
specialized NERVE CELLS that stimulate muscles To contract; axons of these neurons enter muscles and send out branches to several muscle fibers.
A
Motor Neurons
23
Q
cell to cell junction
between a nerve cell and an
effector cell
A
Synapse
24
Q
What are the Functions of Muscular System
A
*Movement of the Body
*Maintenance of Posture
*Respiration
*Production of body heat
*Communication
*Constriction of organs and vessels
*Contraction of the heart
25
Most skeletal muscles are attached to
bones and are responsible for the majority of BODY MOVEMENTS, including walking, running, chewing, and manipulating objects
with the hands.
Movement of the body
26
Skeletal muscles constantly maintain
tone, which keeps us sitting or STANDING ERECT
Maintenance of posture
27
Skeletal muscles of the thorax carry out the move-
ments necessary for RESPIRATION.
Respiration
28
When skeletal muscles contract, heat
is given off as a by-product. This RELEASE HEAT is critical for MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE.
Production of body heat
29
Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of
communication, including speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and smiling or frowning.
Communication
30
The CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE within the walls of internal organs and vessels causes those structures to constrict. This constriction can help propel and mix food and water in the digestive tract; remove materials from organs, such as the urinary bladder or sweat glands; and regulate blood flow through vessels.
Constriction of organs and vessels
31
The CONTRACTION of CARDIAC MUSCLE
causes the heart to beat, propelling blood to all parts of the body.
Contraction of the heart
32
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
*Constitutes of approximately 40% of body weight
*Striated Muscles
*Contractility
*Excitability
*Extensibility
*Elasticity
33
the ability of MUSCLE TO SHORTEN FORCEFULLY. For example, lifting this textbook requires certain muscles to contract.
Contractility
34
is the capacity of muscle to RESPOND to a STIMULUS Normally, the stimulus is from nerves that we consciously control.
Excitability
35
means a muscle can be STRETCHED BEYOND ITS NORMAL resting length and still be able to contract. If you stretch to reach a dropped pencil, your muscles are longer than they are normally but you can still retrieve the pencil.
Extensibility
36
is the ability of muscle to RECOIL to its original resting length after it has been stretched. Taking a deep breath demonstrates ELASTICITY because exhalation is simply the recoil of your respiratory muscles back to the resting position, similar to releasing a stretched rubberband.
Elasticity
37
contraction of a muscle fiber in RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
Muscle Twitch
38
3 PHASES of muscle twitch
*Lag Phase/Latent Phase
*Contraction Phase
*Relaxation Phase
39
based on the differences in the rod
portion of the myosin myofilament
slow twitch or fast twitch
40
contain type I myosin ; CONTRACT LESS
Slow Twitch
41
either type IIa or type IIb myosin myofilaments;
CONTRACT QUICKLY
Fast Twitch
42
More efficient but takes several minutes, the break down of a single glucose molecule produces approx 18x more ATP; breakdown of lipid and amino acid to form ATP
Aerobic production of ATP
43
can produce ATP in a matter of seconds but TOO LOW to maintain activities
Anaerobic production
44
ENERGY STORAGE that can rapidly used to help maintain adequate ATP
Conversion of a molecule
45
presence of AMP triggers a switch from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration of blood glucose and fatty acids
Conversion of two ADP to one ATP a one AMP
46
respiratory rate and volume remain elevated for a time, even though the muscles are no
longer actively contracting, after an intense exercise
Recovery
47
Temporary state of reduced work capacity
• multiple mechanisms underlying muscular fatigue
FATIGUE
48
which is characterized by the BUILDUP OF EXCESS
reactive oxygen species; triggers the immune system to form the chemical called INTERLEUKIN - 6 ; a mediator of inflammation (muscle soreness)
Oxidative Stress
49
T lymphocytes migrate
Local Inflammatory reactions
50
The length of the muscle DOES NOT CHANGE, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process;
Isometric Contractions
51
Type of Muscle Contractions
*Isometric Contractions
*Isotonic Contractions
*Concentric Contractions
*Eccentric Contractions
52
amount of tension produced by the muscle is CONSTANT DURING CONTRACTION, but the length of the muscle decreases.
Isotonic Contractions
53
muscle tension INCREASES as the muscle as the muscle SHORTENS
Concentric Contractions
54
Isotonic contractions in which TENSION IS MAINTAINED IN A MUSCLE, but the opposing resistance causes the muscle to LENGTHEN.
Eccentric Contractions
55
Constant tension produced by body muscles over long periods of time
.
• Responsible for keeping the back and legs straight, the head in an
upright position and the abdomen from bulging
Muscle tone
56
Attached to bone
Long, cylindrical
Multiple Prepheral
has striations
voluntary
Move the whole body
Skeletal Muscle
57
Attached to the heart
Branched
Usually single, central
Intercalated disks
has striations
has Autorhythmic
Contract heart to propel blood through the body
Cardiac Muscle
58
walls or hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands
Spindle shaped
Single, central
Cell-to-Cell attachments
No striations
has Autorhythmic
Involuntary movement
Compress organs, ducts, tubes and so on
Smooth Muscle
59
muscle connection to the bone
Tendon
60
broad, sheetlike tendons
Aponeuroses
61
band of connective tissue that HOLDS the tendons at each WRIST AND ANKLE
Retinaculum
62
the two points of attachment of each muscle
Origin and Insertion
63
the most stationary end of the muscle
Origin (Head)
64
End of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the GREATEST MOVEMENT
Insertion
65
The part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
Belly
66
A muscle that accomplishes a certain movement
Agonist
67
a muscle acting in opposition to an agonist
Antagonist
68
Members of a group of muscles WORKING TOGETHER to produce a movement
Synergist
69
Major role in a movement
Prime Mover
70
acc to location, origin and insertion, number of origins, size, function, shape
Nomenclature
71
Facial Expression, chewing, moving
the tongue, swallowing, producing
sounds, moving the eyes and moving
the head and neck
Muscles of the Head and Neck
72
raises the eyebrows
Occipitofrontalis
73
encircle the eyes, close the
eyelids, “crow’s feet”
Orbicularis Oculi
74
encircles the mouth
Orbicularis Oris
75
kissing muscles , trumpeter’s
muscle
Buccinator
76
elevate the upper lips and corner
of the mouth
Zygomaticus
77
frowning and pouting;
depresses the corner of the mouth
Depressor anguli oris
78
sneering
Levator labii superioris
79
within the tongue ;
changes the shape of the tongue
Intrinsic Muscles
80
outside the tongue
but attached to and move the tongue
*Swallowing
Extrinsic Muscles
81
Types of Hyoid Muscles (Suprahyoid)
Stylohyoid
Hyoglossus
Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid
Thyrohyoid
82
Neck Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deep neck muscles (neck
flexors, neck extensors
83
head rotation, flexes and extends the
head
Sternocleidomastoid
84
Can be found in the Trunk Muscles
Vertebral column
Thorax
abdominal wall
pelvic floor muscles
85
each side of the
back, KEEPING THE BACK STRAIGHT
Erector Spinae
86
between the
spinous and transcerse processes of
adjacent vertebrae ; extension,
lateral felxion and rotation
Deep Back Muscles
87
msucle strain and sprains of lumbar
vertebral ligaments - tx: RICE ( Rest,
ice, compression and elevation) ;low
back exercises
Injury of the deep back muscles
88
Breathing muscles
Thoracic Muscles
89
3 parts of the Thoracic muscle
External Intercostals
Internal Intercostals
Diaphragm
90
elevates the ribs
External Intercostals
91
forced expiration, DEPRESSING the ribs
Internal Intercostals
92
quiet breathing
Diaphragm
93
Parts of the Abdominal Wall Muscles
*Linea Alba
*Rectus Abdominis
*External, Internal abdominal obliques
*Transversus abdominis
*Tendinous Intersections
94
a vertical indentation, consisting of white
connective tissue
Linea Alba
95
flex and rotate the
vertebral column; compress
abdominal content
external, internal abdominal
obliques and transversus
abdominis
96
Separates the rectus abdominis
Tendinous intersection
97
Parts of the Pelvic Floor
Levator Ani
Perineum
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
External anal sphincter
Transverse perineal
98
contains muscles of the male and female reproductive
stuctures : Urination, defacation
Perineum
99
erects penis/vagina, constricts urethra
Bulbospongiosus
100
compresses base of penis or clitoris
Ischiocavernosus
101
keeps orifice of anal canal closed
External anal sphincter
102
supports pelvic floor
Transverse Perineal
103
Parts of the Upper Limb Muscles
Limb
pectoral girdle
arm
forearm
hand
104
ATTACH THE SCAPULA to the thorax move the scapula, fixators to hold the scapula in place when the muscles of the arm contract
Scapular Movements
105
Muscles that can be found in the scapula
Trapezius
• Levator Scapulae
• Rhomboids
• Serratus anterior
• Pectoralis minor
106
Arm is attached to the thorax by?
*Pectoralis Major
*Latissimus dorsi
107
adducts the arm and flexes the shoulder
Pectoralis Major
108
medially rotates and adducts the arm and powerfully extend the shoulders
*Swimmer’s muscle
Latissimus dorsi
109
Part of the Arm Movement
*Deltoid
*Pectoralis major
*Latissimus dorsi
*Rotator cuff muscles
110
attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle; major abductor of upper limb
Deltoid
111
upper chest adducts the arms and flexes the shoulder
pectoralis major
112
Attaches the humerus to the scapula; forms a cuff over the proximal humerus
(Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis)
Rotator Cuff muscles
113
primary extensor of the elbow
Triceps Brachii
114
primary flexors of the elbow.
biceps brachii and brachialis
115
flex the elbow
Brachioradialis
116
turning the flexed forearm so that the PALM IS UP
Supinator
117
supinate the forearm while flexing the elbow
Biceps Brachii
118
turning the
forearm so that the PALM IS DOWN
2 pronator muscle
119
How many muscles does the forearm have in anterior and posterior
20 muscles
120
This part of the muscles where flexion of the wrist and fingers are possible
Anterior
121
extension
Posterior
122
covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist
Retinaculum
123
flex the wrist
Flexor carpi
124
extends the wrist
Extensor carpi
125
flexion of the fingers
Flexor digitorum
126
extension of the fingers
extensor digitorum
127
How many intrinsic hand muscles does the hand have?
19
128
Abduction and adduction of the fingers
* LOCATED BETWEEN METACARPAL BONES
Interossei
129
parts in the lower limb muscles
*Hip
*Thigh
*Leg
*Foot
130
Anterior muscle
*flexes the hip
iliopsoas
131
posterior and lateral hip muscle
Gluteal muscles/ Tensor Fasciae latae
132
entends the HIP AND ABDUCTS and laterally rotates the thigh
Gluteus maximus
133
ABDUCTS MEDIALLY rotates the thigh
gluteus medius
134
anterior thigh muscles
Quadriceps femoris/ Sartorius
135
primary extensors of the knee
Quadriceps femoris
136
common INSERTION of qf and sartoriusm
Patellar tendon
137
EXTENSION of the TENDON onto the TIBIAL TUBEROSITY.
patellar ligament
138
intermuscular INJECTION SITE
Vastus lateralis
139
longest muscle in the body
(TAILOR’S MUSCLE)
flexes the hip and knee/rotates the thigh
laterally
Sartorius
140
posterior thigh muscles - for flexing the
knee
Hamstring muscles
141
adductor muscles - adducting the high
medial thigh muscles
142
How many muscles are there in a leg
13 muscles
143
The leg is divided into 3 groups
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
144
what group can the extensors involved indorsiflexion
(extension) of the foot and extension of toes
Anterior
145
In what group can you see the Gastrocnemius, soleus -
*bulk of the calf
Posterior
146
what are the deep muscles of posterior
invert foot and flex
the toes
147
plantar flexion of the foot
Achilles tendon
or
calcaneal tendon
148
In what group can you see the fiburalis muscles -everters
lateral
149
has attachment
sites for myosin
myofilaments
Actin
150
Have binding
sites for Ca2+
Troponin
151
BLOCK BINDING sites in an
unstimulated muscle
Tropomyosin
152
Actin three components
*Actin
*Troponin
*Tropomyosin
153
Muscle of Mastication
*Temporalis
*Masseter
*Lateral Pterygoid
*Medial Pterygoid
154
the actin and myosin
fibers doesn;t shorten
Sliding Filament Model
