Sensation & Perception - Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

The brain employs numerous selective processes to handle the overwhelming amount of input it receives. These mechanisms prioritize specific stimuli, locations, concepts, or timeframes to manage the influx of information.

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

The form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli.

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3
Q

Reaction time RT

A

A measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.

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4
Q

Cue

A

A stimulus that might indicate where a subsequent stimulus will be. Cues can be valid, invalid, or neutral.

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5
Q

Exogenous cue

A

In directing attention, a cue that is located out at the desired final location of attention.

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6
Q

Endogenous cue

A

In directing attention, a cue that is located in or near the current location of attention.

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7
Q

stimulus onset asynchrony

A

The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another.

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8
Q

Inhibition of return

A

The relative difficulty in getting attention to move back to a recently attended location.

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9
Q

Visual search

A

A search for a target in a display containing distracting elements.

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10
Q

Target

A

The goal of a visual search

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11
Q

Distractor

A

In a visual search, any stimulus other than the target.

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12
Q

Set size

A

The number of items in an visual display.

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13
Q

Feature search

A

Visual search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.

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14
Q

Salience

A

The vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors.

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15
Q

Parallel search

A

Visual search in which multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.

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16
Q

Serial self-terminating search

A

A search from item to item, ending when a target is found.

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17
Q

Guided search

A

Search in which attention can restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target item’s basis features.

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18
Q

Conjunction search

A

Search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes.

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19
Q

Prime

A

A stimulus that might make it easier or faster to respond to a subsequent stimulus.

20
Q

Scene-based guidance

A

Information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes.

21
Q

Anchor objects

A

Typically a relatively big object that provides information about the location of other objects.

22
Q

Binding problem

A

The challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, ti the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object.

23
Q

Feature integration theory

A

Limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but other properties, including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention.

24
Q

Preattentively stage

A

The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus.

25
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

An erroneous combination of two features in a visual scene.

26
Q

Priority map

A

A hypothetical neural representation of visual space in which the activity at each point reflects how much that location will attract attention.

27
Q

Lateral interparietal area LIP

A

A brain region, present in both parietal lobes, that serves an important role in the control of visual attention.

28
Q

Frontal eye field FEF

A

Brain regions in both frontal lobes that help to coordinate visual selective attention with the movements of the eye.

29
Q

Superior colliculus CS

A

A structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements.

30
Q

Fusiform face area FFA

A

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated by human faces.

31
Q

Parahippocampal place area PPA

A

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of places than by other stimuli.

32
Q

Visual-field defect

A

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision.

33
Q

Parietal lobe

A

In each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes.

34
Q

Neglect

A

In reference to a neurological symptom, in visual attention:
1. The inability to attend or respond to stimuli in the contralesional vision field.
2. Ignoring half to the body or half of an object.

35
Q

Contralesional field

A

The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion.

36
Q

Extinction

A

In reference to visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus

37
Q

Ipsilesional field

A

The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion.

38
Q

Peripersonal space

A

That part of the world that is near your body.

39
Q

Ensemble statistics

A

The average and distribution of properties like orientation or color over a set of objects or over a region in a scene.

40
Q

Proto-object

A

A term used to refer to objectlike stimuli before they are attended and recognized.

41
Q

Spatial layout

A

The description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene

42
Q

Gist

A

The essential or primary character of a scene. In vision, gist typically refers to information that can be gleaned in a very brief glimpse, without voluntary eye movements.

43
Q

Change blindness

A

When one scene is replaced by another version of the same scene, observers may be unable to report what changed between the two versions.

44
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

A failure to notice a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.

45
Q
A