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KI - blok 3 2324 - Sensation & Perception > Sensation & Perception - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception - Lecture 1 Flashcards

Introduction

1
Q

Sensation

A

The ability to detect a stimulus and, perhaps, to turn that detection into a private experience.

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2
Q

Perception

A

The act of giving meaning to a detected sensation.

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3
Q

Qualia

A

In reference to philosophy, private conscious experiences of sensation or perception.

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4
Q

What are the six methods used in the study of the senses.

A
  1. thresholds
  2. scaling
  3. signal detection theory
  4. sensory neuroscience
  5. neuroimaging
  6. computational models
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5
Q

Dualisme

A

The idea that the mind has an existence separate from the material world of the body.

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6
Q

Materialism

A

The idea that the only thing that exists is matter, and that all things, including the mind and consciousness, are the results of interaction between bits of matter.

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7
Q

Panpsychism

A

The idea that the mind exists as a property of all matter. All matter has consciousness.

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8
Q

Psychophysics

A

The science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological events.

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9
Q

two-point touch threshold

A

The minimum distance at which two stimuli are just perceptible as separate.

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10
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, or the minimum change in a stimulus that enables it to be correctly judged as different from reference stimulus.

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11
Q

Weber fraction

A

The constant of proportionality in Weber’s law

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12
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus.

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13
Q

Fechner’s law

A

S = k log R
A principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity.

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14
Q

S = k log R

A

S - psychological sensation
log R - the logarithm of the physical stimulus level
k - constant

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15
Q

Name three classic measures of threshold

A
  1. Method constant stimuli
  2. Method of limits
  3. Method of adjustment
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16
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

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17
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

A psychophysical method in which many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, are presented one at a time. Participants respond to each presentation: “yes/no,” “same/different,” and so on.

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18
Q

Method of limits

A

A psychophysical method in which the particular dimension of a stimulus, or the difference between two stimuli, is varied incrementally until the participant responds differently.

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19
Q

Method of adjustment

A

A method of limits in which the participant controls the change in the stimulus.

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20
Q

Scaling

A

measuring private experience, report of “more” or “less”

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21
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

A psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli.

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22
Q

Stevens’s power law

A

S = aI^b
A principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent.

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23
Q

S = aI^b

A

S - sensation
I - intensity
b - exponent
a - constant that corrects for the units you are using.

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24
Q

Cross-modality matching

A

The abilityto match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities. This ability allows insight into sensory differences. For example, a listener might adjust the brightness of a light until it matches the loudness of a tone.

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25
Q

Signal detection theory

A

A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise. Measures obtained from a series of presentations are sensitivity (dʹ) and criterion of the observer.

26
Q

Criterion

A

In reference to signal detection theory, an internal threshold that is set by the observer. If the internal response is above criterion, the observer gives one response (e.g., “yes, I hear that”). Below criterion, the observer gives another response (e.g., “no, I hear nothing”).

27
Q

Sensitivity

A

In reference to signal detection theory, a measure that defines the ease with which an observer can tell the difference between the presence and absence of a stimulus or the difference between Stimulus 1 and Stimulus 2.

28
Q

Sensory neuroscience

A

The biology of sensation and perception, sensory receptors and nerves

29
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance used in neuronal communication at synapses.

30
Q

Neuroimaging

A

A set of methods that generate images of the structure and/ or function of the brain. In many cases, these methods allow us to examine the brain in living, behaving humans.

31
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A technique that, using many electrodes on the scalp, measures electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain.

32
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

A measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimuli that requires averaging many EEG recordings.

33
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

A technique, similar to electroencephaography, that measures changes in magnetic activity across populations of many neurons in the brain.

34
Q

magnetic resonance imaging MRI

A

An imaging technology that uses the responses of atoms to strong magnetic fields to form images of structures like the brain. The method can be adapted to measure activity in the brain, as well.

35
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI

A

A variant of MRI that makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain. Activated neurons provoke increased blood flow, which can be quantified by measuring changes in the response of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to strong magnetic fields.

36
Q

BOLD signal

A

blood oxygen level-dependent
The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin that permits the localization of brain neurons that are most involved in a task.

37
Q

positron emission tomography PET

A

An imaging technology that enables us to define locations in the brain where neurons are especially active by measuring the metabolism of brain cells using safe radioactive isotopes.

38
Q

Computational model

A

The use of mathematical language and equations to describe steps in psychological and/or neural processes

39
Q

What is the significance of sensation and perception in human behavior and thought?

A

Sensation and perception are central to human behavior and thought, often preceding them, with many practical applications.

40
Q

Who invented methods to measure the relationship between physical changes and psychological changes?

A

Gustav Fechner invented methods to measure the relationship, including absolute threshold and difference thresholds.

41
Q

What theory allows for simulating changes in perception due to internal noise and biases?

A

Signal detection theory permits simulating changes in perception to understand perceptual performance better.

42
Q

What observation does the doctrine of specific nerve energies express?

A

The doctrine expresses that people are aware only of the activity of their nervous systems, emphasizing which nerves are stimulated over how they are stimulated.

43
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

Neurons communicate through neurotransmitters crossing the synapse and electrochemical nerve impulses.

44
Q

What methods revolutionized the study of sensation and perception by allowing observation of the living brain?

A

Neuroimaging methods such as EEG, MEG, PET, and fMRI revolutionized the study by observing the living brain.

45
Q

What do computational models reveal about sensation and perception development?

A

Computational models reveal how sensation and perception develop through experience by exploiting the world’s predictability.

46
Q

What are deep learning algorithms useful for?

A

Deep learning algorithms categorize vast amounts of data, such as images, which can be applied in various fields like autonomous driving or medical image analysis.

47
Q

What are the five traditional senses?

A

Sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch.

48
Q

What is the sixth sense often overlooked, and what does it involve?

A

The vestibular sense, involving the inner ear’s vestibular labyrinths interacting with gravity and inertia.

49
Q

What is psychophysics, and who were its pioneers?

A

Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and perception, pioneered by Weber and Fechner.

50
Q

What is the Weber fraction, and how is it useful?

A

The Weber fraction quantifies the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected and is useful for predicting noticeable differences at various stimulus intensities.

51
Q

What is an adaptive staircase in psychophysics experiments?

A

An adaptive staircase adjusts the difficulty of trials based on the participant’s responses to efficiently estimate perception thresholds.

52
Q

What is EEG, and what does it measure?

A

EEG records electrical activity from the scalp, capturing large changes in synchronized neural activity with poor spatial resolution.

53
Q

What is fMRI, and what does it measure?

A

fMRI measures changes in blood flow to infer neural activity, providing good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution.

54
Q

How does TMS contribute to understanding brain function?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) disrupts electrical activity in specific brain areas temporarily, helping to determine the necessity of certain brain regions for perceptual processes.

55
Q

What is the main principle underlying perception in the context of monism?

A

Perception is viewed as the activity of neurons in the brain and nervous system, reflecting the physical and neural basis of our experience of the world.

56
Q

What is the BOLD signal in functional MRI (fMRI), and how does it relate to neural activity?

A

BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) signal reflects changes in blood oxygenation levels, which are related to neural activity. Increased neural activity leads to increased blood flow and oxygenation, resulting in a stronger BOLD signal.

57
Q

Neural Firing

A

The electrochemical process by which neurons transmit signals.

58
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Nerves that emerge directly from the brain, including olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves.

59
Q

CT Scan (Computerized Tomography)

A

A scanning method that uses a narrow beam of x-rays to create a series of brain slices for a static image.

60
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurons where communication occurs through neurotransmitter release.

61
Q

Electrochemical Neural Firing

A

The process by which neurons transmit signals through changes in membrane potential and neurotransmitter release.

KI - blok 3 2324 - Sensation & Perception (7 decks)

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