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KI - blok 3 2324 - Sensation & Perception > Sensation & Perception - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception - Lecture 2 Flashcards

The First steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals

1
Q

Wave

A

A disturbance that transfers energy through a medium.

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2
Q

Photon

A

A quantum of visible light or other form of electromagnetic radiation demonstrating both particle and wave properties.

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3
Q

Hue

A

The perceptual attribute of colors that enables them to be classed as similar to red, green, or blue, or something in between.

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4
Q

Absorb

A

To take up something - such as light, noise, or energy - and not transmit it at all.

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5
Q

Scatter

A

To disperse something - such as light - in an irregular fashion.

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6
Q

Reflect

A

To redirect something that strikes a surface - especially light, sound, or heat - usually back towards its point of origin.

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7
Q

Transmit

A

To convey something from one place or thing to another.

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8
Q

Refract

A
  1. To alter the course of a wave of energy that passes into something from another medium, as water does to light entering it from the air.
  2. To measure the degree of refraction in a lens or eye.
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9
Q

Image

A

A picture or likeness

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10
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent “Window” into the eyeball

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11
Q

Transparent

A

Material that allows light to pass through it with no interruption such that object on the other side can be clearly seen.

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12
Q

Aqueous humor

A

The watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye.

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13
Q

Lens

A

The structure inside the eye that enables the changing of focus.

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14
Q

Pupil

A

That dark, circular opening at the center of the iris in the eye, where light enters the eye.

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15
Q

Iris

A

The colored part of the eye, consisting of a muscular diaphragm surrounding the pupil and regulating the light entering the eye by expanding and contracting the pupil.

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16
Q

Vitreous humor

A

The transparent fluid that fills the vitreous chamber in the posterior part of the eye.

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17
Q

Retina

A

A light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors and other cell types that transduce light into electrochemical signals and transmit then to the brain through the optic nerve.

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye changes its focus.

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19
Q

Focal distance

A

The distance between the lens and the viewed object, in meters.

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20
Q

Diopter (D)

A

A unit measurement of the optical power of a lens. It is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length, in meters. A 2-diopter lend will bring parallel rays to light into focus at 0,5 meter.

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21
Q

Presbyopia

A

Literally “Old sight”; the age-related loss of accommodation which makes it difficult to focus on near objects.

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22
Q

Cataract

A

An opacity of the crystalline lens.

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23
Q

Emmetropia

A

The condition in which there is no refractive error, because the refractive power of the eye is perfectly matched to the length of the eyeball.

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24
Q

Refractive error

A

A very common disorder in which the image of the world is not clearly focused on the retina. The most common refractive erorrs are myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.

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25
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness, a common condition in which light entering the eye in focused in front of the retina, and distant object cannot be seen sharply.

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26
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness, a common condition in which light entering the eye is focused behind the retina, and accommodation is required in order to see near object clearly.

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27
Q

Astigmatism

A

A visual defect caused by the unequal curving of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, usually the cornea.

28
Q

Transduce

A

To convert from one form of energy to another. Neurons use electrical signals in their communication.

29
Q

Fundus

A

The back layer of the retina: what the eye doctor sees through an ophthalmoscope.

30
Q

Photoreceptor

A

A light-sensitive receptor in the retina.

31
Q

Fovea

A

A small pit located near the center of the macula and containing the highest concentration of cones and no rods. It is portion of the retina that produces the highest visual acuity and serves as the point of fixation.

32
Q

Macula

A

The pigmented region with a diameter of about 5.5 mm near the center of the retina. It is sometimes referred to al the macula lutea because of its yellow appearance.

33
Q

Rod

A

A photoreceptor specialized for night vision.

34
Q

Cone

A

A photoreceptor specialized for daylight vision, fine visual acuity, and color.

35
Q

Eccentricity

A

The distance between the retina image and the fovea.

36
Q

Duplex

A

In reference to the retina, consisting of two parts: the rods and cones, which operate under different conditions.

37
Q

Visual angle

A

The angle that an object subtends at the eye

38
Q

Receptive field

A

The region on the retina in which visual stimuli influence a neuron’s firing rate.

39
Q

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

A disease associated with aging that affects the macula. AMD gradually destroys sharp central vision, making it difficult to read, drive, and recognize faces. There are two forms of AMD: wet and dry,

40
Q

Retinitis pigmentose (RP)

A

A progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night vision and peripheral vision. RP commonly runs in families and can be caused by defects in a number of different genes that have recently been identified.

41
Q

Outer segment

A

The part of a photoreceptor that contains photopigment molecules

42
Q

Inner segment

A

The part of a photoreceptor that lies between the outer segment and the cell nucleus

43
Q

Synaptic terminal

A

The location where axons terminate at the synapse for transmission of information by the release of a chemical transmitter.

44
Q

Chromophore

A

The light-catching part of the visual pigments of the retina

45
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The visual pigment found in rods

46
Q

Melanopsin

A

A photopigment that is sensitive to ambient light.

47
Q

Photoactivation

A

Activation by light.

48
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A change in membrane potential such that the inner membrane surface becomes more negative than the outer membrane surface.

49
Q

Graded potential

A

An electrical potential that can vary continuously in amplitude

50
Q

Horizontal cell

A

A specialized retinal cell that contacts both photoreceptor and bipolar cell.

51
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina.

52
Q

Amacrine cell

A

A retinal cell found in the inner nuclear layer that makes synaptic contacts with bipolar cells, ganglion cell, and other amacrine cells.

53
Q

Bipolar cell

A

A retinal cell that synapses with either rods or cones (not both) and with horizontal cells and then passes the signals on to ganglion cells.

54
Q

diffuse bipolar cell

A

A bipolar retinal cell whose processes are spread out to receive input form multiple cones.

55
Q

Sensitivity

A
  1. The ability to perceive via the sense organs.
  2. Extreme responsiveness to radiation, especially to light of a specific wavelenght.
  3. The ability to respond to transmitted signals.
56
Q

Visual acuity

A

A measure of the finest detail that can be resolved by the eyes.

57
Q

Midget bipolar cell

A

A small bipolar cell in the central retina that receives input from a single cone.

58
Q

ON bipolar cell

A

A bipolar cell that depolarizes in response to an increase in light captured by the cone.

59
Q

OFF bipolar cell

A

A bipolar cell that hyperpolarizes in response to an increase in light captured by the cones.

60
Q

Ganglion cell

A

A retinal cell that receives visual information form photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types and transmits information to the brain and midbrain.

61
Q

P ganglion cell

A

A small ganglion cell that receives excitatory input from single midget bipolar cells in the central retina and feeds the parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

62
Q

M ganglion cell

A

A ganglion cell resembling a little umbrella that receives excitatory input from diffuse bipolar cells and feeds the magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

63
Q

Koniocellular cell

A

A neuron located between the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. This layer is known as the koniocellular layer.

64
Q

ON-center cell

A

A cell that increases firing in response to an increase in light intensity in its receptive-field center.

65
Q

OFF-center cell

A

A cell that increases firing in response to a decrease in light intensity in its receptive-field center.

66
Q

Filter

A

An acoustic, electrical, electronic, or optical device, instrument, computer program, or neuron that allows the passage of some frequencies or digital elements and blocks the passage of others.

67
Q

Contrats

A

The difference in luminance between an object and the background or between lighter and darker parts of the same object.

KI - blok 3 2324 - Sensation & Perception (7 decks)

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