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Psychology: Sensation & Perception > Sensation & Perception Definitions > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

raw data in the world that you are perceiving.

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2
Q

Perception

A

How we interpret raw data.

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Each basic senses have their own particular sensory neuron.

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4
Q

Sensory Receptor: Vision

A

Photo Receptors

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5
Q

Sensory Receptor: Olfaction & Taste

A

Chemoreceptors

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6
Q

Sensory Receptor: Audition & Touch

A

Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum amount of stimulation to detect the sense.

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8
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Your receptors stop responding to a constant stimulus. Your touch receptors are being activated for so long that you become adapt to it.

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9
Q

Difference Threshold: Just Noticeable Difference

A

Smallest difference required to tell one stimulus from another 50% of the time.
Ex. Advertisements

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10
Q

Subliminal Perception (4 points)

A

When things occur just below our level of awareness. Always talking about it in reference to advertising. Only been shown to work in laboratory settings. Things that are hidden that cannot be perceived then influences subliminal behavior.

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11
Q

Vision: Properties of Light (4 points)

A

-Light = energy
-Light is a wave
-Wavelength = color
-Amplitude = Brightness of that color

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12
Q

Wavelength colors

A

-The smallest wavelength is violet (400nm) and the largest is Red 665nm)

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13
Q

Eyenatomy: Cornea

A

Outer membrane that covers the eyeball, also helps to bend light.

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14
Q

Eyenatomy: Pupil

A

Opening of the eye and determines how might light goes into the eye.

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15
Q

Eyenatomy: Iris

A

Where you have the color of your eyes.

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16
Q

Eyenatomy: Lens

A

Job is to bend and refract light to the back of the eye.

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17
Q

Eyenatomy: Sclera

A

White part of your eye

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18
Q

Eyenatomy: Vitreous Humor

A

to maintain the shape of the eye

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19
Q

Eyenatomy: Retinal Layer

A

Where the photoreceptors are.

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20
Q

Eyenatomy: Fovea

A

Your best acuity. If you’re looking at something and is your clear vision, it is focusing it right on the fovea.

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21
Q

Eyenatomy: Optic Nerve

A

All of the axons from the photoreceptors bundle together to become the optic nerve.

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22
Q

Rods

A

they look like rods, the only look at shapes.

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23
Q

Cones

A

responsible for color vision and takes red, yellow, and blue wavelengths.

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24
Q

Retinal Distribution of Photoreceptors: Center of Retinal/ Fovea (2 points)

A

-Few rods, high concentration of cones
-Greatest visual acuity

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25
Q

Retinal Distribution of Photoreceptors:
Peripheral Retina (2 points)

A

-High concentration of rods
-Low visual acuity.

26
Q

Retinal Distribution of Photoreceptors: Blind Spot (2 points)

A

-Contains no photoreceptors
-Where the optic nerve leaves the eye

27
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Optic Nerve -> Optic Chiasm -> Thalamus -> Occipital Lobe

28
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The optic nerve leaves the eye and extends to a structure called the optic chiasm. The optic nerve fibers carrying information from the sides of the retina closest to the nose cross over to the other side of the brain. After leaving the optic chiasm, most of the nerve fibers end in the thalamus, and from there, the information will be passed on to the visual cortex.

29
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory switchboard

30
Q

Color Vision: Trichromatic Theory (4 points)

A

-S-Cones: responses of Short-wavelength cones.
-M-cones: response of medium wavelength cones.
-L-cones: response to long-wavelength cones.
-Helps break down the ability to understand color.

31
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Hering proposed that we process four primary colors combined in pairs of
-Reddish-green, yellowish-blue, blackish-white,

32
Q

Somatosensation

A

Nociception < brings in pain.
-Temperature
-Touch
-Certain areas like your hands and face has so many sensory neurons.
-The more sensory receptors, the more space it takes up in the brain.
-

33
Q

Sensory Systems: Audition (4 points)

A

-Can hear frequencies that go from 20 to 20,000 Hz
-Liquid inside ear makes waves.
-Hair cells move the liquid.
-Hair cells are what is turning those waves into an electrical signal.

34
Q

Chemosenses: Smell & Taste

A

-Cen either bring in Orfo nasally and retro nasally
-Olfactory sensory neurons: regenerate after 30 days.
-Sense of smell is how you get flavor.
-Ofaction is linked to our memory and emotions.

35
Q

Chemosenses: Taste

A

Can taste sweet, sour, salt, bitter, umami, does not tell us the different flavors, our nose tells us that.

36
Q

-Beyond the 5 senses: Proprioception

A

Ability to sense movement, action, and location of limbs.

37
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Involving your muscles

38
Q

Vestibular

A

Sense of equilibrium and body position
-Connected in the ear
-Vestibular canal sends signals to balance, so if you have an ear infection, you can lose your balance.

39
Q

Perception: Bottom-up processing

A

-First time information, we are taking what we have without any prior knowledge.

40
Q

Perception: Top-Down Processing

A

Influenced by prior learning, experience, and expectations.

41
Q

Gestalt Principles: Figure-ground Relationship

A

In order for us to figure out what we’re looking at, we need to see a figure and ground.

42
Q

Gestalt Principles: Proximity

A

We group closer together elements, separating them from those farther apart.

43
Q

Gestalt Principles: Similarity

A

As humans, we like to group things.

44
Q

Gestalt Principles: Closure

A

-We prefer complete shapes so we will fill the gaps to make an image.
-Instead of seeing things as brackets, we’ll see a box.

45
Q

Gestalt Principles: Continuity

A

We group elements that seem to follow a continuous path in a particular direction.

46
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A

Our tendency to perceive objects as stable/unchanging despite changing sensory information.
-Size
-Shape
-Color
-Brightness

47
Q

Depth Perception

A

-allows you to see the world in three dimensions.

48
Q

Monocular cues:

A

-Relative size
-Aerial Perspective
-Occlusion
-Linear Perspective
-Texture Gradient
-Shadowing
-Motion Parallax

49
Q

Stereopsis

A

the ability of both eyes to see the same object as one image and to create a perception of depth.

50
Q

Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity

A

What your left retina sees is completely different from what your right retina sees.

51
Q

Binocular Cues: Convergence

A

telling you something is close.

52
Q

Binocular Cues: Diverge

A

telling you something is far away.

53
Q

Multimodal Perception

A

Information from one sense has the potential to influence how we perceive information from another.
Ex. Go to the club and cannot hear them so you look at their lips.

54
Q

Principle of inverse effectiveness

A

You do not need other multisensory information

55
Q

Psychological Factors Involved

A

Multimodal Perception cam also influence how you are taking in certain stimuli and perceiving it.

56
Q

Emotional State

A

Taking in different perceptions based on your emotional state

57
Q

Motivation Level

A

Homework seems hard but you’re just not motivated to do it.

58
Q

Context

A

Context of situation can influence how you respond.

59
Q

Culture/Experience

A

Have an experience that is not the same as other people’s experience.

60
Q

Selective Attention

A

Attention is shiftable when it comes to stimuli that is novel, large, vivid, colored, moving, etc.

61
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

To listen to one person against others of a group of people talking.

62
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to detect something when engaged in a task.

Psychology: Sensation & Perception (4 decks)

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