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Psychology: Sensation & Perception > Developmental Psychology Definitions > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of change over lifespan

A

You’re not the same in the different ages you are.

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2
Q

Heavily concerned with nature vs. nurture debate

A

-Mental Illness
-Athletic skills: being born with it and pursuing it.

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3
Q

What comes with nature vs. nurture debate:

A

Comes with the question of choices and decisions.

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4
Q

What change of life includes (6 different ones)

A

-Cognitive, social, aging, emotional, gender, development

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5
Q

In Utero

A

-Babies experience REM sleep and Learning!
-While that REM sleep is happening, learning is occurring.

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6
Q

When the fetal brain begins to develop:

A

During the third week of gestation

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7
Q

What babies learn prenatally:

A

Learn particular vowel sounds from mother.

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8
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

A

-CNS develops throughout, rapidly in the 3rd trimester.
-Do not drink alcohol at all in this trimester.

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9
Q

FASD - Epigenetic Effect:

A

-Chemically marks DNA
-Epigenetic means environment can influence certain genes and certain markers.

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10
Q

FASD - Priming Effect:

A

-Exposed babies prefer smell and taste.
-Since the baby was exposed to the alcohol, when they come out, they prefer the smell and taste of alcohol.
-They have to wean baby off.

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11
Q

Brain Development (3 points)

A

-100 Billion neurons, few connections.
-Dendritic spreading over first 2 years.
-Rapid myelin sheath growth; neurons are firing and need to make sure they’re insulated.

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12
Q

Growth of Brain

A

-Very rapid growth in frontal lobe from 3-6 yrs.
-Pruning
-Unused connections discarded
-Overshoot the amount of connections that we need.

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13
Q

How do you think the environment can impact this growth?

A

A child exposed to more learning opportunities experiences less pruning than a child who isn’t given those experiences.

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14
Q

Newborn - Reflexes

A

-Born with some reflexes to help them survive.
-Rooting
-Sucking
-Swallowing
-Startle
-Walking
-Tonic-neck (when their head sticks out in one direction, their arm sticks out )
-Palmer grasp
-Step reflex

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15
Q

Newborn - Perception: Vision

A

-Prefer happy faces
-Prefer mother’s faces
-Can see all colors but prefer contrasting colors (helps with depth perception, recognizing shapes)

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16
Q

Newborn- Perception: Depth

A

-Visual cliff at around 6 months
-Doesn’t really grow until after 6 months.

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17
Q

Newborn- Perception: Other senses

A

-Prefer sweet
-Sensitive to Sounds

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18
Q

Newborn - Temperament (2 points)

A

-Thought to be something we are inherently born with
-Each baby is different

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19
Q

Newborn - Temperament: Nature vs. Nurture (3 points)

A

-Temperament is inheritable
-Maternal stress increases heart rate & movement.
-Tends to remain stable throughout life.

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20
Q

3 basic types of temperament

A

-Easy: happy, easily adapts to new experiences.
-Difficult: dries, does not like new experiences.
-Slow to warm.

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21
Q

Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget (4 points)

A

-Jean Piaget is the most influential
-His theories are more prominent that are used in developmental psychology.
-Applied in schools.
-Children are less competent adults.

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22
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor Stage (4 points)

A

-(Birth to 2 years)
-Experience the world through senses
-Self-reflection
-Object permanence: develops at 18 months

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23
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Preoperational Reasoning (4 points)

A

-(2 to 6 or 7 years)
-Representational thought: Pretend play, symbolic gestures.
-Conservation: weight, length, number, mass are all the same.
-Egocentrism: Difficulty perceiving things from another person’s point of view.

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24
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational
(4 points)

A

-(6 or 7 to 11 or 12 years)
-Developmental logical thought: Grasp conversation, reverse problems
-Complex classification: objects can belong to more than one category.
-Decrease in egocentrism.

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25
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational (2 points)

A

-Capable of abstract/hypothetical thought: If/then cause/effect right/wrong
-Half of adults aren’t capable of understanding this.

26
Q

Who created the attachment theory?

A

Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999)
-She worked with John and created an assessment to look at the different types of attachment theories.

27
Q

Three attachment theories by Mary:

A

-Secure
-Insecure Resistant
-Insecure Avoidant

28
Q

Last Theory invented by someone else:

A

Disorganized

29
Q

Behaviors of children in Secure:

A

Content engaged on task.

30
Q

Behaviors of children in avoidant:

A

Withdrawn, quiet, anxious.

31
Q

Behaviors of children in ambivalent:

A

Anxious, not focused, insecure, asking a lot of questions.

32
Q

Behaviors of children in disorganized:

A

Angry, depressed, not following directions, short fuse, difficulty making friends.

33
Q

Parenting Styles (4 points)

A

Uninvolved, Permissive, Authoritarian, Authoritative.

34
Q

Development of Adolescence (Teenage years) (4 points)

A

-Transition from childhood to adulthood.
-~10-20 years
-This time is typically when they get negative stereotypes.
-One of these reasons is because these brain areas are not fully developed such as the prefrontal cortex.

35
Q

Brain Development in Adolescence: Frontal lobe, Emotional cognitive processing area.

A

-Frontal lobes lag behind the limbic system.
-Emotional cognitive processing area.
-Frontal lobe is not fully developed but emotional cognitive processing area is, personality is developing but emotions are strong.
-Very impulsive, heightened emotional activity.

36
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex:

A

-(vmPFC)
-Inhibits emotional responses
-Sends projections to lower brain areas.
-Urges to do weird stuff, and you don’t act upon them because of this.

37
Q

Lesioning:

A

-Poor judgement, impulsivity, overreacting, inability to deal with consequences, inability to plan.

38
Q

Decreased function of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex is typically seen in who?

A

Convicted Criminals and emotional murders.

39
Q

Stages of Psychological Development (8 points)

A

-Trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
-Initiative vs Guilt
-Industry vs Inferiority
-Identity vs Role Confusion
-Intimacy vs Isolation
-Generativity vs Stagnation
-Integrity vs Despair

40
Q

Difference with Erikson’s Psychological Development Diagram:

A

-Each stage, a person experiences a cycle social conscience.

41
Q

Personality Development in Adolescence (5 points):

A

-Eager to establish independence but fear the responsibility in adulthood.
-Identity vs. Role confusion (12-18)
-Fidelity
-Identity Crisis

42
Q

Personality Development (James Marica’s Identity Establishment) (4 points):

A

-Identity Achievement
-Foreclosure
-Moratorium
-Identity Diffusion

43
Q

Moratorium:

A

You’re actively exploring multiple roles.

44
Q

Foreclosure:

A

Sometimes you kind of settle on what has been given to you.

45
Q

Identity Diffusion:

A

Completely avoid making a commitment.

46
Q

Social Development (4 points):

A

-Peers provide a network of social and emotional support.
-Enables greater independence.
-Changes throughout adolescence.
-Technology & social media.

47
Q

Young - Adulthood: Great Personality Changes

A

-Maturity, responsibilities, and emotional stability.

48
Q

Young - Adulthood: Physical Prime & Health

A

-Physical prime in 20s
-Decline begins 30.
-Senses begin to decline in early adulthood.

49
Q

Stage in Young - Adulthood

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage

50
Q

Young - Adulthood: Parenthood (3 points)

A

-You could be securing your personality but parenthood brings a new challenge.
-Breaks down certain things that you thought how the world works.
-Marital satisfaction also tends to decline.

51
Q

Young -Adulthood: Cognitive Changes (5 points)

A

-No single correct solution to every problem.
-More practical
-Vocabulary and verbal memory increase
-Perceptual speed and mathematical computation decreases.
-Mental exercise is a necessity.

52
Q

John Holland’s Theory

A

To define our careers, we choose majors in our personal characteristics.

53
Q

Midlife (40-65): Broad Pattern of Personality Changes (3 points)

A

-Less self-centered.
-More comfortable in interpersonal relationships.
-Better coping/adapting

54
Q

Midlife (40-65): Generativity vs. Stagnation (3 points)

A

-Making your mark on the world.
-Midlife crisis
-Midlife transition

55
Q

Late Adulthood (65+) (4 points):

A

-Interact with fewer people; fewer social roles.
-Less influenced by social roles or expectations.
-Death is inevitable.
-Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

56
Q

Late Adulthood: Perspectives on Aging (4 points)

A

-Life course theories (more environmental impacts
-Views life as a socially sequenced timeline, looking at how different things that happened in your life changed who you are and how you got to be how you are now.
-Life span theories (more individualistic)
-Looks more at intern and intra individual differences

57
Q

Late Adulthood: Mind (3 points)

A

-Aging mind works a bit slower
-Remaining intellectually active -> high level mental functioning in old age.
-Learning skills is beneficial to memory.

58
Q

The decreases in cognitive aging (7 points)

A

-Fluid intelligence
-Recall of information
-Working memory
-Processing Speed
-Inhibitory Functioning
-Vision
-Hearing

59
Q

The increases in cognitive aging (2 points)

A

-Crystallized Intelligence
-Greater cognitive efficiency

60
Q

What remains the same in cognitive development in late adulthood:

A

Recognition

61
Q

Psychological well-being across lifespan in late adulthood:

A

Have more of a positive light in your older years, starts to shift after 55.

Psychology: Sensation & Perception (4 decks)

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