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Oral Histology- final > sensation- oral mucosa > Flashcards

sensation- oral mucosa Flashcards

1
Q

the body of the tongue arises from what?

A

brachial arch 1

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2
Q

the root of the tongue arises from what?

A

brachial arch 3

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3
Q

the tongue’s epithelium is mostly _______

A

keratinized

except key locations

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4
Q

t/f: the lamina propria of the tongue is firm due to keratinization of the epithelium

A

false- the lamina propria is flexible

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5
Q

the epithelium of the tongue has no _______

A

submucosa

lamina propria attaches directly to tongue muscles

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6
Q

papillae of the tongue serve what functions?

A

A) taste buds

B) somatosensory

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7
Q

which cranial nerves receive taste information?

A

CN 7, 9, 10

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8
Q

touch sensation to the oral mucosa is received by what nerve fibers?

A

A-beta (and A-delta) fibers

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9
Q

warming sensation to the oral mucosa is received by what nerve fibers?

A

C fibers

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10
Q

cooling sensation to the oral mucosa is received by what nerve fibers?

A

A-delta fibers

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11
Q

pain sensation to the oral mucosa is received by what nerve fibers?

A

A-delta & C fibers

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12
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the anterior mouth?

A

CN 7

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13
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the posterior tongue & pharynx?

A

CN 9

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14
Q

somatosensory receptors of the oral mucous membranes are a _____ of those found in other skin. what fibers make up these?

A

subset of those found in other skin

  • large fibers (A-beta): touch
  • Smaller fibers (A-delta, C fibers): thermal & pain
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15
Q

which of the somatosensory receptor fibers are bare nerves?

A

A-delta & C fibers

pain & thermal= bare

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16
Q

what are the 2 A-beta nerve fiber endings responsible for touch reception?

A

Merkel’s receptors & Meissner’s corpuscles

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17
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles: overview

A
  • Large axons
  • terminate in SUPERFICIAL LAMINA PROPRIA
    (between rate pegs)
  • complexes of nerve endings coated in non-neuronal cells
  • transmit DYNAMIC (changing) forces
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18
Q

Merkel receptors: overview

A
  • large axons
  • fibers terminate at APICES OF RETE PEGS
  • complexes of nerve endings & specialized “merkel epithelial cells”
  • merkel cells “enfold” nerve endings (not cushion like meissner)
  • transmit STATIC forces (slowly adapt, but keep firing under constant pressure)
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19
Q

T/F: both merkel & meissner receptors have a low threshold for firing

A

true

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20
Q

which receptor will respond to a quick touch stimulus?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle receptor

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21
Q

why can Merkel’s and Meissner’s receptors not signal for painful sensations?

A

their dynamic range does not extend to the noxious level

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22
Q

which populations of fibers code for painful sensations?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • can end in lamina propria or epithelium
  • A-DELTA or C fibers= pain
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23
Q

what else can the nociceptors respond to?

A

chemical & thermal signals

hot food and hot coffee

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24
Q

separate _________ fibers respond to innocuous cooling

A

A-delta (pain/thermal fibers)

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25
Q

separate _______ respond to innocuous warming

A

C fibers (pain/thermal fibers)

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26
Q

what are the 5 classes of taste stimuli?

A

1) sugars
2) amino acids
3) salts (esp sodium)
4) acids
5) varied substances…. bitter

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27
Q

what is the general structure of a taste bud?

A
  • taste pore
  • epithelium
  • microvilli
  • taste cell
  • nerve fiber
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28
Q

taste bud: overview

A
  • goblet shaped cluster of cells
  • basal lamina to surface
  • microvilli extend into taste pore…. have receptors
  • primary afferents at base- some bud cells make synapses with these fibers
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29
Q

how many taste buds do adults have? how are they distributed?

A

about 8,000 buds

Most (68%) on tongue
around 27% on pharynx/larynx
only 5% found on soft palate

30
Q

what are the 3 types of taste buds?

A

Circumvallate papillae

fungiform papillae

foliate papillae

31
Q

Fungiform papillae: where are they found? what innervates them?

A
  • found on dorsal tongue (Brachial arch 1)
  • innervated by CHORDA TYMPANI branch of CN 7 (BA 2)
  • makes up about 1,600 buds
  • most numerous at the tip of tongue (taste food as it enters mouth)
32
Q

Fungiform papillae are located among more numerous ___________

A

filiform papillae

33
Q

what do filiform papillae not contain?

A

taste buds

34
Q

taste buds are located on the ________ surface of fungiform papillae

A

dorsal

35
Q

filiform papillae: shape, innervation

A
  • spine-shaped & heavily keratinized

- innervated ONLY by somatosensory fibers

36
Q

Foliate papillae: overview

A
  • 2 to 9 parallel folds
  • about 1,300 taste buds
  • innervation: CN 9 (Brachial arch 3)
  • lateral aspect of the posterior tongue (anterior to circumvallate papillae)
  • monitor food during chewing
37
Q

foliate taste buds are located in _______. what are they closely associated with?

A

trenches
(many buds/foliate per trench)

*closely associated with Von Ebner (salivary) glands

38
Q

circumvallate papillae: overview

A
  • 8-10 papillae, about 2,400 buds
  • central connective tissue core surrounded by trench
  • arranged in a “V” shape on the very back of the anterior tongue
  • monitors food just before swallowing
  • still from brachial arch 3 (supplied by CN 9)
39
Q

T/F: like the fungiform papillae, the taste buds of circumvallate papillae are located on the dorsal surface

A

FALSE

fungiform= dorsal surface

circumvallate= in the trench surrounding the papillae

40
Q

circumvallate papillae are associated with what structure? what other papillae shares this?

A

closely related with Von Ebner’s glands

just like foliate papillae

41
Q

T/F: taste papillae are generally functionally redundant

A

true

42
Q

what is special about the taste buds found on the larynx?

A

they primarily respond to deviations from tonicity

-send signals to protect the airway

43
Q

a single fungiform papillae can usually detect ___________

A

more than one taste “quality”

44
Q

the functional redundancy of the taste system makes it resilient to what?

A

the partial loss of taste (such as a lesion of the chorda tympani nerve)

45
Q

taste stimuli are undetectable on the side of the tongue ______ to anesthesia

A

ipsilateral

46
Q

perceptual effects of damage of a single taste nerve can be clearly detected with ___________

A

specific spatial testing

47
Q

T/F: the number of taste papillae varies greatly between individuals, and greatly declines with age

A

False

the # of papillae is greatly varied, but the number of papillae only slightly declines with age

48
Q

what factor is mainly responsible for the loss of taste sensitivity in older individuals?

A

loss of olfactory abilities

49
Q

there is a marked individual difference in the ability of individuals to taste the bitter compound ___________

A

phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

50
Q

the ability to taste PTC is an _________

A

inherited trait

51
Q

what is a taste receptor for bitterness?

A

tas2r

52
Q

tas2r, along with other bitter receptors, is a __________ receptor

A

g-protein coupled

53
Q

substituting 2 amino acids in the tas2r gene will lead to what?

A

inability to taste PTC (the bitter compound

54
Q

certain vegetables taste significantly more bitter to people who are homozygous for the PTC-sensitive form of what?

A

the tas2r gene

55
Q

T/F: homozygous carriers of the PTC-sensitive tas2r gene show an elevated sensitivity for all bitter vegetables

A

FALSE

vegetables containing GLUCOSINOLATES will not be any more/less bitter for the carriers of the tas2r PTC sensitive receptor

(only vegetables with the THIOUREA MOETY trigger the tas2r carriers)

56
Q

differences in the ___________ determine the number of copies of the “sweet” receptor

A

promotor region

57
Q

what are other factors can influence an individuals taste sensitivity/preference?

A

other genetic & environmental factors

58
Q

what are the cell types of a taste bud?

A

1) perigemmal cells
2) basal cells
3) elongated cells

59
Q

perigemmal cells of taste buds:

A
  • lateral aspect of the taste bud
  • no synapses or microvilli
  • may support or be involved in renewal
60
Q

what are the cells of the taste bud responsible for renewal?

A

basal cells

  • epithelial basal cells
  • base of the bud
61
Q

elongated cells are the ________ of a taste bud

A

center

62
Q

type 1 elongated cells

A

stain for glial markers- supportive cell

no synapses

respond to “salt” taste

63
Q

what do light elongated cells of taste buds do?

A
  • express receptors for taste substances

- respond to taste stimuli

64
Q

what are the 2 types of light elongated cells? what are they each sensitive to? do they synapse?

A

Type 3 (light)

  • sense sour tastes
  • synapse with primary afferent nerves

Type 2 (light)

  • sense bitter, sweet, amino acid tastes
  • DO NOT synapse with afferent nerve
65
Q

how do type 2 & 3 light elongated cells communicate with afferent taste nerves?

A

they use ATP

-type 3 cells use classic synapses

66
Q

how does type 2 light cell communicate with an afferent taste nerve?

A

releases ATP without the aid of a typical synapse

67
Q

K19 (a keratin gene) is expressed in what type of taste bud cells?

A

types 1, 2 and 3

68
Q

the production of K19 is similar to what other epithelia?

A

the basal layer of non-keratinized epithelia

69
Q

Development:

when does the tongue appear? the lingual papillae? the taste buds? the taste pores?

A

tongue- EW 4
lingual papillae- EW 8
Taste buds- EW 8
taste pores- EW 12

70
Q

T/F: natural taste preference can be altered by experience.

A

true

71
Q

the study utilizing the infant formulas Enfamil & Nutramigen proved what?

A

eventually, the baby will learn to like the inherently unpleasant (nutramigen) formula.

proves our natural taste preferences can be altered

Oral Histology- final (4 decks)

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