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Oral Histology- final > Salivary glands 1 > Flashcards

Salivary glands 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how do you test for Salivary gland scintigraphy?

A
  • IV injection of isotope (gamma, short-lived) of Technetium
  • binds to Na-K-Cl membrane transport system of acinar cells of salivary and other glands
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2
Q

T/F: Salivary gland agenesis may occur in isolation or it can be accompanied by other developmental disorders

A

True

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3
Q

what steps are critical to help prevent caries in individuals with salivary gland agenesis?

A

early diagnosis and immediate measures

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4
Q

what are the functions of Mucins?

A
  • highly glycosylated glycoproteins with high viscosity
  • largely responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface & providing a protective barrier
  • trapping bacteria and sugar so they can be removed
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5
Q

what is the role of Bicarbonates in saliva?

A

serves an important function in buffering acids in the mouth

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6
Q

what are the calcium-binding proteins present in saliva? what is their function?

A

1) Proline-rich proteins and statherin

2) allow saliva to be super-saturated with calcium (enamel mineralization)

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7
Q

lysozyme, peroxidase, the defensins and histatins, along with IgA all contribute to what?

A

to the direct antimicrobial functions of saliva; the are capable of anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral actions

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8
Q

how can saliva ACTIVELY contribute to tissue repair?

A

by secreting growth factors like:

  • epidermal growth factor
  • nerve growth factor (NGF)
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9
Q

name the 2 ways saliva contributes to digestion

A

1) lubrication of food

2) enzymes that start the break-down of foods

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10
Q

what molecule(s) are responsible for the lubrication of food?

A

Mucins

-critical for both chewing and swallowing

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11
Q

which molecule(s) in saliva are digestive enzymes?

A
  • amylase (starch)

- lipase (fats)

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12
Q

how is saliva involved in taste?

A

tasty molecules must first be dissolved in the water in saliva so that they can be transported to the taste buds

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13
Q

what are the normal saliva flow rates for day/night?

how much saliva is usually present in the mouth?

A

daytime- .3-.4 mL/min

volume of saliva normally in the mouth- 0.8-1.1ml

nightime- considerable drop in production

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14
Q

which gland contributes about 60% of the “whole mouth saliva”?

A

parotid gland

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15
Q

the submandibular accounts for ____ of saliva production, and the submandibular and minor glands each contribute ________

A

the submandibular accounts for 25%

the sublingual and minor glands each contribute 7-8%.

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16
Q

T/F: The parotid and sublingual glands are pure serous glands

A

FALSE

  • Parotid = pure serous
  • Submandibular and sublingual glands= Mixed serous/mucous glands
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17
Q

which salivary gland is responsible for the majority of amylase production? Lipase production?

A

amylase- Parotid gland

lipase- Von Ebner’s glands

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18
Q

The other minor glands, which are pure mucous glands, are the major source of what molecules?

A

mucins, glycosylated proteins critical for lubrication

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19
Q

which gland discharges saliva thru Stenson’s duct? thru the wharton’s duct?

A

Stenson’s duct- parotid

Wharton’s duct- submandibular

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20
Q

through what duct does the sublingual duct release saliva?

A

Bartholin’s & Rivinus’s ducts (found right behind wharton’s)

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21
Q

Like all glands, salivary glands are made up of _____ and ______

A

stroma and parenchyma

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22
Q

the stroma of salivary glands plays a __________ role, while the parenchyma plays a _________ role

A

stroma- supportive

parenchyma- functional

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23
Q

the stroma will form the _______ and organizing the gland into lobes

A

capsule

24
Q

In the salivary gland, stroma is made up of _________, whereas parenchyma is made up of _________.

A

stroma- connective tissue

parenchyma- epithelium

25
Q

the Stroma includes:

A

Capsule- encompasses the salivary gland and separates it from surrounding tissue

Septa- divides the gland into lobes (large) and lobules (small)

26
Q

what are the 2 main components of the parenchyma?

A

1) Acini- the secretory portion. the “grapes”

2) ducts

27
Q

The acini are composed of what?

A

individual acinar or secretary cells (sometimes also called secretory units)

-these are the cells that make saliva

28
Q

what are the 2 types of acinar secretory cells?

A

1) serous

2) mucous

29
Q

what are the 3 types of “endpieces/acini” made by acinar secretory cells? where are each type found?

A

1) serous (parotid)
2) mucous (minor glands)
3) mixed (sublingual & submandibular)

30
Q

name the path of the 3 ducts, going from smallest to largest

A

1) intercalated ducts
2) straited/secretory ducts
3) excretory/collecting ducts

31
Q

salivary gland development begins in what week? which glands emerge first?

A

6th embryonic week

  • parotid gland starts developing first, submandibular glands
  • sublingual & minor ducts start developing around 2-3 months
32
Q

the parenchyma, both the acini & ducts, develop from _________________ whereas the connective tissue stroma develop from the __________

A

parenchyma- ectoderm or endoderm

stroma- neural crest

33
Q

how does salivary gland development depart markedly from odontogenesis?

A

development of branched structures from the initial epithelial salivary bud (resembles mammillary glands or lung branching)

34
Q

how are the salivary gland cells joined together BEFORE branching occurs?

A

-Before branching occurs, each cell is joined to its neighbors by E-CADHERIN

(e-cadherin stains red)

35
Q

T/F: adhesion molecule (e-cadherin) remains on other surfaces of cells lining the cleft

A

True

suppression of e-cadherin is localized on certain parts of the cell

36
Q

what is the critical molecule for e-cadherin suppression?

A

BTBD7…. also nicknamed “cleftin”.

37
Q

T/F: Cleftin expression (BTBD7) has 2 actions that take place outside the cell

A

False

cleftin is not a secreted molecule- effects are WITHIN the cell

38
Q

what are the 2 actions of Cleftin?

A

suppress the expression of e-cadherin expression

upregulates expression of another molecule called “snail2”

39
Q

T/F: the main role of acini & ducts is only to secrete saliva

A

False- ducts also RESORB certain components present in the salivary secretion

40
Q

specifically, what do the acinar cells secrete? what is this secretion called?

A
  • secrete water, a host of proteins and ions, including both sodium and chloride
  • This is called the “primary secretion or primary saliva”
41
Q

______ cells are water permeable, while _____ cells are NOT water-permeable

A

acinar cells- water permeable

duct cells- non permeable

42
Q

The duct cells also secrete a few proteins and importantly, _________. this creates what type of secretion/saliva?

A
  • the bicarbonate ion

- “secondary secretion or secondary saliva”

43
Q

primary saliva is hypotonic/isotonic, while secondary saliva is hypotonic/isotonic

A

primary- isotonic

secondary- hypotonic

44
Q

the duct cells resorb what from the primary saliva?

A

resorb both sodium and chloride (creating a hypotonic saliva)

45
Q

Salivary secretion is almost entirely under _____ control

A

neural

46
Q

The salivary glands are supplied by branches of what nervous systems?

A

both branches of the autonomic nervous system:

  • parasympathethic
  • sympathetic
47
Q

which cranial nerves are responsible for salivary gland innervation?

A

7 & 9

48
Q

The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons for CN’s 7 & 9 are located where? where do these neurons synapse?

A

CBO- brainstem (in the salivatory nucleus)

nerves synapse on post-ganglionic neurons near each of the glands

49
Q

The sympthetic supply originates from where? where do these nerves synapse?

A

origin- intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord

-synapse in the superior cervical ganglion

50
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______ secretion in the salivary glands

A

protein

51
Q

describe the molecules involved with sympathetic secretion in salivary glands:

A

1) neurons release NE on beta-adrenergic receptors of the SALIVARY ACINAR CELLS
2) GCPR which is coupled to the enzyme adenyl cyclase (AC)
3) adenyl cyclase up regulates cAMP- activates PKA
4) Protein kinase A (PKA) is what phosphorylates the protein-filled secretory granules

52
Q

True/False: Activation of the sympathetic ns alone produces a protein-laden, viscous secretion of large volume

A

FALSE

Activation of the sympathetic ns alone produces a protein-laden, viscous secretion that is NOT voluminous.

53
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is mainly responsible for _______

A

fluid secretion

54
Q

para-symp neurons release what molecule on the acini? what type of receptors are activated?

A

POST-ganglionic fibers release acetyl-choline on muscarinic receptors on salivary acinar cells

55
Q

T/F: both para-sympathetic and sympathetic receptors on salivary acinar cells are g-protein coupled receptors

A

true

56
Q

describe the pathway of molecules in the parasympathetic activation

A

1) GCPR’s are coupled to phospholipase C (not AC)
2) phospholipase C liberates IP3 from membrane
3) IP3 releases Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum
4) increase in Ca++ opens a chloride channel, and the conc gradient drives chloride from the cell
5) increase in Cl- in the lumen creates electrical & osmotic gradient - which draws sodium & water BETWEEN cells

Oral Histology- final (4 decks)

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