Salivary glands 1 Flashcards by asw asw

how do you test for Salivary gland scintigraphy?

IV injection of isotope (gamma, short-lived) of Technetium
binds to Na-K-Cl membrane transport system of acinar cells of salivary and other glands

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T/F: Salivary gland agenesis may occur in isolation or it can be accompanied by other developmental disorders

True

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what steps are critical to help prevent caries in individuals with salivary gland agenesis?

early diagnosis and immediate measures

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what are the functions of Mucins?

highly glycosylated glycoproteins with high viscosity
largely responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface & providing a protective barrier
trapping bacteria and sugar so they can be removed

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what is the role of Bicarbonates in saliva?

serves an important function in buffering acids in the mouth

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what are the calcium-binding proteins present in saliva? what is their function?

1) Proline-rich proteins and statherin

2) allow saliva to be super-saturated with calcium (enamel mineralization)

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lysozyme, peroxidase, the defensins and histatins, along with IgA all contribute to what?

to the direct antimicrobial functions of saliva; the are capable of anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral actions

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how can saliva ACTIVELY contribute to tissue repair?

by secreting growth factors like:

epidermal growth factor
nerve growth factor (NGF)

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name the 2 ways saliva contributes to digestion

1) lubrication of food

2) enzymes that start the break-down of foods

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what molecule(s) are responsible for the lubrication of food?

Mucins

-critical for both chewing and swallowing

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which molecule(s) in saliva are digestive enzymes?

amylase (starch)

- lipase (fats)

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how is saliva involved in taste?

tasty molecules must first be dissolved in the water in saliva so that they can be transported to the taste buds

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what are the normal saliva flow rates for day/night?

how much saliva is usually present in the mouth?

daytime- .3-.4 mL/min

volume of saliva normally in the mouth- 0.8-1.1ml

nightime- considerable drop in production

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which gland contributes about 60% of the “whole mouth saliva”?

parotid gland

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the submandibular accounts for ____ of saliva production, and the submandibular and minor glands each contribute ________

the submandibular accounts for 25%

the sublingual and minor glands each contribute 7-8%.

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T/F: The parotid and sublingual glands are pure serous glands

FALSE

Parotid = pure serous
Submandibular and sublingual glands= Mixed serous/mucous glands

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which salivary gland is responsible for the majority of amylase production? Lipase production?

amylase- Parotid gland

lipase- Von Ebner’s glands

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The other minor glands, which are pure mucous glands, are the major source of what molecules?

mucins, glycosylated proteins critical for lubrication

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which gland discharges saliva thru Stenson’s duct? thru the wharton’s duct?

Stenson’s duct- parotid

Wharton’s duct- submandibular

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through what duct does the sublingual duct release saliva?

Bartholin’s & Rivinus’s ducts (found right behind wharton’s)

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Like all glands, salivary glands are made up of _____ and ______

stroma and parenchyma

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the stroma of salivary glands plays a __________ role, while the parenchyma plays a _________ role

stroma- supportive

parenchyma- functional

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the stroma will form the _______ and organizing the gland into lobes

capsule

In the salivary gland, stroma is made up of _________, whereas parenchyma is made up of _________.

stroma- connective tissue

parenchyma- epithelium

the Stroma includes:

Capsule- encompasses the salivary gland and separates it from surrounding tissue Septa- divides the gland into lobes (large) and lobules (small)

what are the 2 main components of the parenchyma?

1) Acini- the secretory portion. the "grapes" | 2) ducts

The acini are composed of what?

individual acinar or secretary cells (sometimes also called secretory units) -these are the cells that make saliva

what are the 2 types of acinar secretory cells?

1) serous | 2) mucous

what are the 3 types of "endpieces/acini" made by acinar secretory cells? where are each type found?

1) serous (parotid) 2) mucous (minor glands) 3) mixed (sublingual & submandibular)

name the path of the 3 ducts, going from smallest to largest

1) intercalated ducts 2) straited/secretory ducts 3) excretory/collecting ducts

salivary gland development begins in what week? which glands emerge first?

6th embryonic week - parotid gland starts developing first, submandibular glands - sublingual & minor ducts start developing around 2-3 months

the parenchyma, both the acini & ducts, develop from _________________ whereas the connective tissue stroma develop from the __________

parenchyma- ectoderm or endoderm stroma- neural crest

how does salivary gland development depart markedly from odontogenesis?

development of branched structures from the initial epithelial salivary bud (resembles mammillary glands or lung branching)

how are the salivary gland cells joined together BEFORE branching occurs?

-Before branching occurs, each cell is joined to its neighbors by E-CADHERIN (e-cadherin stains red)

T/F: adhesion molecule (e-cadherin) remains on other surfaces of cells lining the cleft

True | suppression of e-cadherin is localized on certain parts of the cell

what is the critical molecule for e-cadherin suppression?

BTBD7…. also nicknamed “cleftin”.

T/F: Cleftin expression (BTBD7) has 2 actions that take place outside the cell

False cleftin is not a secreted molecule- effects are WITHIN the cell

what are the 2 actions of Cleftin?

suppress the expression of e-cadherin expression upregulates expression of another molecule called “snail2”

T/F: the main role of acini & ducts is only to secrete saliva

False- ducts also RESORB certain components present in the salivary secretion

specifically, what do the acinar cells secrete? what is this secretion called?

- secrete water, a host of proteins and ions, including both sodium and chloride - This is called the “primary secretion or primary saliva”

______ cells are water permeable, while _____ cells are NOT water-permeable

acinar cells- water permeable duct cells- non permeable

The duct cells also secrete a few proteins and importantly, _________. this creates what type of secretion/saliva?

- the bicarbonate ion | - “secondary secretion or secondary saliva"

primary saliva is hypotonic/isotonic, while secondary saliva is hypotonic/isotonic

primary- isotonic secondary- hypotonic

the duct cells resorb what from the primary saliva?

resorb both sodium and chloride (creating a hypotonic saliva)

Salivary secretion is almost entirely under _____ control

neural

The salivary glands are supplied by branches of what nervous systems?

both branches of the autonomic nervous system: - parasympathethic - sympathetic

which cranial nerves are responsible for salivary gland innervation?

7 & 9

The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons for CN's 7 & 9 are located where? where do these neurons synapse?

CBO- brainstem (in the salivatory nucleus) nerves synapse on post-ganglionic neurons near each of the glands

The sympthetic supply originates from where? where do these nerves synapse?

origin- intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord -synapse in the superior cervical ganglion

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______ secretion in the salivary glands

protein

describe the molecules involved with sympathetic secretion in salivary glands:

1) neurons release NE on beta-adrenergic receptors of the SALIVARY ACINAR CELLS 2) GCPR which is coupled to the enzyme adenyl cyclase (AC) 3) adenyl cyclase up regulates cAMP- activates PKA 4) Protein kinase A (PKA) is what phosphorylates the protein-filled secretory granules

True/False: Activation of the sympathetic ns alone produces a protein-laden, viscous secretion of large volume

FALSE Activation of the sympathetic ns alone produces a protein-laden, viscous secretion that is NOT voluminous.

The parasympathetic nervous system is mainly responsible for _______

fluid secretion

para-symp neurons release what molecule on the acini? what type of receptors are activated?

POST-ganglionic fibers release acetyl-choline on muscarinic receptors on salivary acinar cells

T/F: both para-sympathetic and sympathetic receptors on salivary acinar cells are g-protein coupled receptors

true

describe the pathway of molecules in the parasympathetic activation

1) GCPR's are coupled to phospholipase C (not AC) 2) phospholipase C liberates IP3 from membrane 3) IP3 releases Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum 4) increase in Ca++ opens a chloride channel, and the conc gradient drives chloride from the cell 5) increase in Cl- in the lumen creates electrical & osmotic gradient - which draws sodium & water BETWEEN cells