Sensation I and Neural Integration

Question 1

How developed introspection?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt, germany 1879

knew we saw just what out brain interpreted

Question 2

What is transduction?

Answer 2

electromagnetic radiation from light turning into electrochemical (neural) signal.

Question 3

why do we have a blind spot

Answer 3

our photoreceptors are furthest back in the eye and they converge onto the optic nerve through the retina where there arent any photoreceptors

Question 4

why don’t we notice our blind spots?

Answer 4

our brain fills in the missing information (perceptual filling in)

Question 5

what is a spandrel and why is it related to the blind spot

Answer 5

just a side effect of a true adaptation fish have their photo receptors pointing out

Question 6

neon colour spreading?

Answer 6

example where we fill info to think theres a square

Question 7

what does the motion after effect show

Answer 7

we dont see directly images projected to retina also motion when there isn’t any

perception can result from subconscious processes we cant control

Question 8

what is colour constancy?

Answer 8

objects reflect red and sunset and blue in midday so the brain has learned to subtract one of these off an image (the dress).

is an impression

Question 9

whats dualism?

Answer 9

thought that mind and brain were two different things (feelings and such was thought to be coming from the brain).

Question 10

how does a reflex work?

Answer 10

sensory information to brain tells it to then fire motor neurons

Question 11

Where and how are neurotransmitters released?

Answer 11

at the synapse because of an AP (depol) released into cleft via vesicles, can be reuptaken. acts on postsynaptic receptors

Question 12

what do synaptic vesicles do?

Answer 12

store neurotransmitter in the presynaptic vesicle joins wall releases but also reuptakes

Question 13

what do neurotransmitter receptors do?

Answer 13

gates open on post synaptic side after neurotransmitter binds with it to open ion channels postsynaptically

Question 14

what is the lock and key of neurotransmitters

Answer 14

transmitter only fits into one site (l-dopa to dopamine)

Question 15

What is does neurotransmitter re-uptake pumps and enzymes in the cleft do?

Answer 15

reuptake from the synaptic cleft presynaptically

enzymes break down neurotransmitters in the cleft

Question 16

how do antidepressant drugs work?

Answer 16

SSRIs stops reuptake

MAOI stops enzymatic breakdown of serotonin

Question 17

how to neurotransmitters work on ligand-gated ion channels?

Answer 17

messenger binds to the ion channel can cause depolarisation or hyperpolarization

Question 18

What are the two types of channel actions which occur after NTRs bind?

Answer 18

excitatory EPSP (depolarisation) and inhibitory IPSP (hyperpolarisation)

Question 19

What are graded potentials?

Answer 19

depends on the strength of synapse connection on dendrite. is summation of neg and pos inputs.

Question 20

what triggers an AP

Answer 20

timing of inputs at the axon hillock

if enough excitatory together it will fire

Question 21

What is neural intergration

Answer 21

somethings hot the sensory is telling you to put it away but the higher brain is saying no i dont want to drop this hence a summation of inputs.