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Introduction to Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Covers lectures from February 1, 2013 through February 8, 2013

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1
Q

sensation

A

the sense organ’s detection of external stimuli, their responses to the stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain

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2
Q

perception

A

the processing, organization and interpretation of sensory signals its results in an internal representation of the stiumulus

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3
Q

transduction

A

the process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they receive physical or chemical stimulation

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4
Q

sensory coding

A

the process by which sensory organics translate the physical properties of stimuli into patterns of neural impulses

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5
Q

difference threshold

A

the just difference between two stimuli

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience the sensation

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7
Q

signal detection theory

A

a theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a faint stimulus requires a judgement

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8
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

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9
Q

pupil

A

the small opening in the ye, it lets in light waves

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10
Q

iris

A

the colored muscular circle on the surfaces of the yes; it changes shape to let in more or less light

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11
Q

cornea

A

the clear outer covering of the eye

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12
Q

lens

A

the structure in the eye that bends light farther inwards and further focuses the light

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13
Q

retina

A

the thin inner surfaces of the back of the eyeball; it contains the photoreceptors that transduce light into neural signals

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14
Q

fovea

A

the center of the retina where cones are densely packed

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15
Q

optic disk

A

where the optic nerve stems from on the eyeball

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16
Q

rods

A

retinal cells that respond to low levels of illumination and result in black and white perception

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17
Q

cones

A

retinal cells that respond to higher levels of illumination and result in color perception

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18
Q

optic nerve

A

a bundle of axons that extends from ganglion cells at the back of the eyeball

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19
Q

photopigments

A

light sensitive chemicals that initiate the transduction of light waves in electrical neural impulses

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20
Q

accomodation

A

the flattening of the lens to focus on distant objects and thickening of the lens to focus on closer objects

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21
Q

ganglion cells

A

first to generate action potential in the eyeball

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22
Q

trichromatic color theory

A

color vision results from activity in three different types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelenghts

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23
Q

subtractive color mixing

A

a process of color mixing that occurs within the stimulus itself; a physical not a psychological process

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24
Q

additive color mixing

A

a process of color mixing that occurs when different wavelengths of light interact within the eye’s receptors; a psychological process

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25
Q

audition

A

hearing; the sense of sound perception

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26
Q

sound wave

A

pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time; it produces the percept of a sound

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27
Q

eardrum

A

the thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate

28
Q

outer ear

A

the visible portion of the ear and auditory canal

29
Q

ossicles

A

three tiny bones commonly called the hammer, anvil and stirrup

30
Q

round window

A

the membrane at the end of the cochlea

31
Q

oval window

A

a membrane within the cochlea

32
Q

basilar membrane

A

the membrane in the cochlea against which cochlear fluid washes

33
Q

auditory nerve

A

the bundle of axons that carry electrical stimulus from the ear to the brain

34
Q

cochlea

A

a fluid filled tube that curls into a snail like shape with a membrane at the end called the round window

35
Q

blindsight

A

a condition in which people who are blind have some spared visual capacities in the absence of any visual awareness

36
Q

ventral stream

A

the lower visual pathway specialized for the perception and recognition of objects

37
Q

dorsal stream

A

the higher visual pathway specialized for determining an object’s place in space and relating it to other objects in a scene

38
Q

reversible figure illusion

A

a classic illustration when, in an ambiguous figure, the figure and ground periodically reverse

39
Q

bottom-up processing

A

a hierachical model of pattern recognition in which data are relayed from one level of mental processing to the next, always moving to a higher level of processing.

40
Q

top-down processing

A

a hierarchical model of pattern recognition in which information at higher levels of mental [processing can also influence lower, “earlier” levels in the processing hierarchy

41
Q

illusory contours

A

the perception of contours and cues to depth even thought the depth does not actually exist

42
Q

good continuation

A

the tendency to interpret intersecting lines as continuous rather that as changing direction radically

43
Q

principle of proximity

A

the closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them and see them as part of the same object

44
Q

principle of similarity

A

the tendency to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other, whether in shape, color or orientation

45
Q

occluder

A

anything that hides from view a portion of an object or an entire object

46
Q

prosopagnosia

A

a deficit in a person’s ability to recognize faces, but not other objects

47
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

a portion of the right hemisphere specialized for the the perception of faces

48
Q

binocular depth cues

A

cue of the depth perception that arise from the face that people have two eyes

49
Q

monocular depth cues

A

cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone

50
Q

binocular disparity

A

a depth cue that arises because of the distance between a person’s eyes results in a slight difference in retinal imagery

51
Q

convergence

A

a cue of binocular depth perception; when a person views a nearby object, the eye muscle turn the eyes inward

52
Q

occlusion

A

a monocular cue; a near object occludes (blocks) an object that is farther away

53
Q

relative size

A

a monocular cue; far-off objects project a small retinal image than close objects, if the far-off object and close objects are the same physical size

54
Q

linear perspective

A

seemingly parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

55
Q

familiar size

A

we know how large familiar objects are, so we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images

56
Q

texture gradient

A

as a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser

57
Q

position relative to horizon

A

all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being father away

58
Q

motion aftereffects

A

when you gaze at a moving image for a long time and then look at a stationary scene, you experience momentary impression that the new scene is moving in the opposite direction from the moving image

59
Q

compensation for head and eye motion

A

the brain calculates an object’s perceived movements by monitoring the movement of the yes, perhaps also the head as they track a moving object

60
Q

stroboscopic motion perception

A

a perceptual illusion that occurs when two or more slightly different images are presented in rapid succession

61
Q

perceptual constancy

A

correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, color and lightness despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception

62
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

perception of the position in space and movement of our bodies and our limbs

63
Q

vestibular sense

A

perception of balance

64
Q

three primaries law of color

A

almost any color can be created by combining just three wavelengths

65
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

in order to experience pain, pain receptors must be activated at a neural gate in t he spinal cord must allow the signals through to the brain

Introduction to Psychology (6 decks)

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