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Introduction to Psychology > Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Biology and Behavior Flashcards

Covers lectures from January 25th

1
Q

the nervous system

A

a body-wide system of neurons that control motor functioning and sensory perception

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2
Q

neurons

A

cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information in the nervous system

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3
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit information from the physical world to the brain. also known as afferent neurons

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4
Q

motor neurons

A

carry signals from the brain to the muscles to control movement. also known as efferent neurons

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5
Q

internerons

A

“go betweens” that communicate exclusively with other neurons

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6
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and the spinal chord

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all the nerve cells in the body that are not part of the central nervous system. This includes the somatic and autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

somatic nervous system

A

a component of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the central nervous system and the skin, muscles and joints

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

a component of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the nervous system and the body’s gland internal organs

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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for action

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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to its resting state

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12
Q

dendrites

A

branchlike extensions of the neuron that detect information from other neurons

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13
Q

cell body

A

site in the neurons where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated

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14
Q

axon

A

a long narrow outgrowth of a neurons by which information is transmitted to other neurons

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15
Q

terminal buttons

A

small nodules at the ends of axons that release chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse

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16
Q

synapse

A

the site at which chemical communication occurs between neurons

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17
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap between the axon of a “sending” neurons and the dendrites of a “receiving” neuron; it contains extracellular fluid

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18
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty material, made up of glial cells, that insulates the axon and allows for the rapid movement of electrical impulses along the axon

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19
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

small gaps of exposed axon between the segments of myelin sheath where action potentials are transmitted

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20
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active. Created by a higher ratio of negative to positive ions within the neurons than outside the neuron

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21
Q

action potential

A

the electrical signal that passes along the axon and causes the release of chemicals that transmit signals to other neurons. created by the influx of sodium ions and the outflow of potassium atoms changing the neuron from negative to positive

22
Q

excitatory signals

A

the type of signals that depolarize cell membranes, thereby increasing the likelihood a neuron will fire

23
Q

inhibitory signals

A

the type of signal that hyperpolarize a cell, thereby decreasing the likelihood it will fire

24
Q

propagation

A

the depolarization of cell’s membrane moving along the axon like a wave

25
Q

all-or-none principle

A

the principle whereby a neruon fires with the same potency each time, although frequency can vary. it either fire or not - it cannot partially fire

26
Q

receptors

A

in neruons, specialize protein molecules on the post synaptic membranes; neurotransmitters bind to these molecules after passing across the synaptic cleft

27
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that carry signals from one neuron to another

28
Q

reuptake

A

the process whereby a neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons, thereby stopping its activity

29
Q

agonist

A

drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters

30
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters

31
Q

acetylcholine

A

the neurotransmitters that affects motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming

32
Q

epinephrine

A

the neurotransmitters that affects energy

33
Q

norepinephrine

A

the neurotransmitters that affects arousal and vigilance

34
Q

serotonin

A

the neurotransmitter that affects emotional states and impulsiveness; dreaming

35
Q

dopamine

A

the neurotransmitter that affects reward and motivation; motor control over voluntary movement

36
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

the neurotransmitter that inhibits action potentials and is associated with anxiety reduction and intoxication through alcohol

37
Q

glutamate

A

the neurotransmitter that enhances action potential and affects learning and memory

38
Q

endorphins

A

the neurotransmitter that affects pain reduction and reward

39
Q

Substance P

A

the neurotransmitter that affects pain perception and mood and anxiety

40
Q

L-DOPA

A

the pre-neurotransmitter that increases the synthesis in dopamine often used in drugs that attempt to reduce the severity of Parkinson’s disease

41
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

caused by a dopamine deficiency in the “substantia nigra” that leads to the destruction of neurons in the brain and eventually death

42
Q

Schizophrenia

A

caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain that results in brain-created sensory experiences

43
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

a degenerative disease caused by the depletion of Acetylcholine and leads to loss of memory

44
Q

enzymes

A

protein bodies in the synaptic cleft that deactivate neurotransmitter thereby ending communication between neurons

45
Q

Good job studying

A

keep up the good work

46
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

caused by a dopamine deficiency in the “substantia nigra” that leads to the destruction of neurons in the brain and eventually death

47
Q

Schizophrenia

A

caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain that results in brain-created sensory experiences

48
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

a degenerative disease caused by the depletion of Acetylcholine and leads to loss of memory

49
Q

enzymes

A

protein bodies in the synaptic cleft that deactivate neurotransmitter thereby ending communication between neurons

50
Q

Good job studying

A

keep up the good work

Introduction to Psychology (6 decks)

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