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AP Psychology > Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Sensation And Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

Enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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2
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and word up to the brains integration of sensory information

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3
Q

Top down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental processing
We construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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4
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

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5
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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6
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in environment

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7
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

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8
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect particular stimulus 50% of the time.

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9
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience expectations motivation and alertness.

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10
Q

Subliminal

A

Below absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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11
Q

Priming

A

Activation
Often unconscious
Predisposing perception, memory or response

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12
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum diff between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
jnd or just noticeable difference

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13
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principal that in order to be perceived as different 2 stimuli must differ by a constant %.

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14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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15
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds, smells, Into neural impulses our brains can interpret

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one long or sound wave to the peak of the next.

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17
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light

What we know as blue green and so on…

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18
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy in a light or sounds wave
Which we perceive as brightness or loudness
Determined by waves amplitude

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19
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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20
Q

Iris

A

Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

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21
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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22
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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24
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray. Necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when comes don’t respond.

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25
Q

Cones

A 
Retinal receptor cells 
Concentrated near center of retina 
Function in daylight (well lit) 
Fine detail
Colors
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26
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to the brain

27
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which optic nerve leaves the eye

Created blind spot bc there are no receptor cells located there

28
Q

Fovea

A

central focal point in the retina

Cones cluster around them

29
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus
Such as shape
Angle
movement

30
Q

Parallel processing

A

Process of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Natural

31
Q

Young-Hemholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

A 
Theory that retina contains 3 different color receptors 
One sensitive to red
One to blue
One to green 
Combined produces colors
32
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processes
(Red, yellow blue, white black,) enable color vision
Some stimulated by green and inhibited by red
Others stimulated by red and inhibited by green

33
Q

Audition

A

Sense of hearing

34
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

35
Q

Pitch

A

A tones experience highness or lowness depends on frequency

36
Q

Middle ear

A

Chamber between the eardrum an cochlea containing 3 tiny bones
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Concentrate vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlear oval window

37
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

38
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
Vestibular sacs

39
Q

Place theory

A

Theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

40
Q

Frequency theory

A

The theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone
Thus we sense pitch

41
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to mechanical system

42
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to cochlea receptor cells or to auditory nerves

43
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

44
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sending the position and movement of body parts

45
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance

46
Q

gate-control theory

A

Theory that spinal chord contains neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to go to the brain
Opened by activity of small nerve fibers
Closed by activity in larger fibers or other info

47
Q

Sensory interaction

A

One sense may influence another

48
Q

Gestalt

A 
Organized whole 
(Gestalt psychologists Emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces into wholes)
49
Q

Figure ground

A

Figures stand out from their surroundings

50
Q

Grouping

A

Organize stimuli into coherent groups

51
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see objects in three dimensions

Judge distance

52
Q

Visual cliff

A

Test depth perception infants

Reluctant to go out over glass

53
Q

Binocular cues

A

Retinal disparity
Depth cues
Use of two eyes

54
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Depth
Brain gets images from both eyes
The greater difference between the images the closer the object is.

55
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues
Interposition
Linear perspective

56
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement

Two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

57
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Objects perceived as unchanging

58
Q

Color constancy

A

Familiar objects per levels to have same color

59
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

Adjust to artificially displaced or inverted visual field

60
Q

Perceptual set

A

Mental predisposition to perceived one thing and not another

61
Q

Extrasensory perception

A 
Controversial 
Claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input 
Telepathy 
Clairvoyance 
Precognition
62
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of paranormal phenomena
Esp
Psychokinesis

63
Q

Sensation

A

Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from environment

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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