sensation and perception

Question 1

doznanie

Answer 1

sensation - process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

easy; sensory organs bringing in informations

Question 2

percepcja

Answer 2

perception - process of organizing and interpreting sensory informations enablinb us to recognize the meaningful objects and events

easy; making sense of informations

Question 3

3 steps od sensation

Answer 3

1. receive
2. transform
3. deliever

Question 4

transdukcja

Answer 4

transuction - coversion of one form of enery like light waves into another like neural impulses that our brain can interpret

Question 5

próg odczuwania bodźca

Answer 5

absolute threshold - minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of thetime

Question 6

minimalna ilość różnic pomiędzy dwoma bodźcami (aby mogły zostać zauważone przez człowieka)

Answer 6

difference threshold - THE DIFFERENCE between TWO stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

‘just the noticible difference’

for example:
The smallest difference in sound for us to perceive a change in the radio’s volume
The minimum difference in weight for us to perceive a change between two piles of sand
The minimum difference of light intensity for us to perceive a difference between two light bulbs
The smallest difference of quantity of salt in a soup for us to perceive a difference in taste
The minimum difference of quantity of perfume for us to perceive a difference in something’s smell

Question 7

Weber’s law

Answer 7

to be able to tell difference between degrees od stiulation two stimuli must differ by constant minumum percentage

Question 8

bottom-up processing

Answer 8

starts with the sensory input, brain attempts to understand/make sense

‘i see long, slim, slithering creature, ohh it’s a snake!’

Question 9

top-down processing

Answer 9

guided by experience and higher-level processes we see what we excpect to see

as an experienced hiker you expect to see snakes on your hike, so when you see stick or lizard it all seems at first like snake

Question 10

soczewka

Answer 10

lens - transparent structue behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Question 11

źrenica

Answer 11

pupil - small adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light passes

Question 12

siatkówka

Answer 12

retina - light-sensitive inner surface of the eyes, containing receptors rods and cones + layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Question 13

blind spot

Answer 13

plamka ślepa - area where the optic nerve leaves the eyes,
in this area of retina there are no photo receptors which causes a blind spot in every eye

Question 14

tęczówka

Answer 14

iris - ring of muscle tissues that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil, controls the size of pupil openingby expanding and cotracting over the pupil

Question 15

rogówka

Answer 15

cornea - eye’s clear, protective, outer layer covering the pupil and iris; light enters throught the cornea

Question 16

akomodacja

Answer 16

accomodation - the act of physiologically adjusting crystalline lens elements to alter the refractive power and bring objects that are closer to the eye into sharp focus

Question 17

pręciki

Answer 17

rods - detects black, white, gray, sensitive to movement

necessary for peripheral vision and twilight vision, when cones dont respond

Question 18

czopki

Answer 18

cones - concentrated near the center of the retina and function or in well-lit conditions

detects fine details and create color sensations

Question 19

słuch

Answer 19

audition - sense or act of hearing

Question 20

what are the two chemical senses?

Answer 20

taste (gustation) - taste buds on your tongue (over 200), each containss a pore that catches food chemicals

smell (olfaction) - we smell something when molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity

Question 21

jama nosowa

Answer 21

nasal cavity

Question 22

5 basic tastes

Answer 22

sweet - indicates energy source
salty - indicates sodium essential to physiological processes
sour - indicates potentially toxic acid
bitter - indicates potential poisons
umami - indicates proteins to grow and repair tissue

tastes exist for more than our pleasure!

Question 23

zmysł kinestetyczny

Answer 23

kinesthetic sense - position and motion detectors in muscles tendons (ścięgna) and joints (stawy) sense the position and movement of body parts

Question 24

zmysł równowagi

Answer 24

vestibular sense - fluid-filled semicircular canals and a pair of calcium crystal-filler vestibular sacs located in the ears monitors the head’s (and body) movement

Question 25

interakcja sensoryczna

Answer 25

sensory interaction - our sense can influence each other;
-smell impacts taste (when u have old it tastes bland cuz u cant smell it)
-we dont feel the taste if he close our nose
-we can hear soft sounds better if paired with a visual clue

Question 26

poznanie ucieleśnione

Answer 26

embodied cognition - influence of bodily sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

np. after holding warm drink people were more likely to rate someone more warmly, feel closer to them and behave more generously

Question 27

synestezja

Answer 27

synesthesia - two or more senses become joined, stimulation of one sense (np. hearing) triggers experience of another (np. seeing color)

Question 28

zestaw percepcyjny?

Answer 28

perceptual set - mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, we see what we expect to see

obrazek ze stara i młodą babą, jeden zobaczy starą, drugi młodą

Question 29

selektywna nieuwaga

Answer 29

at level of conscious awareness we are in only place at time so we midd salient (wyraziste) objects that are available to be sensed

Question 30

pozauwagowa ślepota

Answer 30

inattentional blindness - failing to see visible objetcs when our attention or focus is directed elsewhere

Question 31

ślepota zmian? nieumiejętność zauważenia zmian

Answer 31

change blindness - failing to notice changes in the visual environment

Question 32

bodziec podprogowy

Answer 32

subliminal stimuli - not detectable 50% of the time, below absolute threshold

Question 33

adaptacja sensoryczna

Answer 33

sensory adaptation - diminished sensitivity to stimuli as a consequence of constant stimulation, once we notice and evalute stimuli as non-threatening we can pay less attention to it, possibly adaptation for survival

np. zlew smierdzi i inni to czuja, ale ty sie juz przyzwyczailes i masz wyjebane i nie czujesz

Question 34

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 34

gestalt - ‘form’/’whole’; in perception the whole may exceed the sum of its parts; our brain does more than register information about the world

we filterincoming information and construct perception, mind matters.

Question 35

Gestalt laws

Answer 35

proximity - we tend to group nearby objects together

continuity - we perceive smooth, continuous patters instead of discontinuous ones

closure - we fill in gaps to create a complete whole object

similarity

figure/ground

symmetry & order

Question 36

orientacja przestrzenna

Answer 36

depth perception - ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strike retina are 2-dimensional, allowing us to judge distance

Question 37

visual cliff

Answer 37

model of a clif with ‘drop-off’ area that was acutally covered by sturdy glass

experiment with children indicates that they could perceive depth, cuz they didnt wanna fall from fake cliff

Question 38

dwuoczne wskaźniki głębi?

Answer 38

binocular cues - depth cues such as retinal disparity (dysproporcja) and converge, that depend on the use of two eyes

as the object becomes closer or further both binocular depth cues operate to help us judge a distance

Question 39

rozbieżność siatkówki?

Answer 39

retinal disparity

(palce po obu stronach nosa i widzimy jak się łączą)

by comparing retinal images from the two eyes the brain computes distance, the greater the disparity between two objects the closer the object

Question 40

percepcja głębokości - wskazówki jednooczne

Answer 40

depth perception monocular clues

linear perception - parallel lines appear to meet in the distance, the sharper the angle od converage the greater distance is perceived

size constancy

overlapping

shadowing

texture gradient

Question 41

iluzje wzrokowe

Answer 41

visual illusions - occur when the principles of perception cause us to interpret visual input incorrectly, tricking the eye

Question 42

nerw wzrokowy

Answer 42

optic nerve - carries neural impulses from retina to the occipital nerve of the brain

Question 43

ucho wewnętrzne

Answer 43

inner Ear - When the stapes moves, it pushes the oval window, which then moves the cochlea. The cochlea takes the fluid vibration of sounds from the surrounding semicircular ducts and translates them into signals that are sent to the brain by nerves like the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve

Question 44

ślimak

Answer 44

cochlea - a small, curled tube in the inner ear. The cochlea is filled with liquid, which is set into motion, like a wave, when the ossicles vibrate. Vibrations (sound) cause tiny hairs on the cells to move, creating nerve signals that the brain understands as sound

Question 45

ucho zewnętrzne

Answer 45

outer ear - part of the ear collects sound and funnels that sound into the middle ear. Sound travels through the auricle and the auditory canal, a short tube that ends at the eardrum

Question 46

przewód słuchowy

Answer 46

ear canal - directs the sound to the middle ear. It’s located between our floppy ears and our ear drum

Question 47

małżowina uszna

Answer 47

pinna - the part of the ear that people can see. The main job of the outer ear is to collect sounds, whether they’re your friend’s whispers or a barking dog

Question 48

nerw słuchowy

Answer 48

auditory nerve - carries neural impulses from the cochlea to the brain

Question 49

ucho środkowe

Answer 49

middle ear - consists of an air-filled space between the tympanic membrane(ear drum) and the inner ear that contains three tiny bones linked together causes the eardrum and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate. As it travels, it amplifies (becomes louder) and changes from air to liquid

Question 50

kowadełko

Answer 50

anvil (incus) - tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup

Question 51

młoteczek

Answer 51

hammer - (malleus) - tiny bone that passes vibrations from eardrum to he anvil

Question 52

strzemiączko

Answer 52

stirrup (stapes) - tiny u-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea, the smallest bone in human body

Question 53

bębenek

Answer 53

ear drum (tympanic membrane) - thin membrane located at the end of the ear that vibrates when sound waves reach it

Question 54

the way of sound

Answer 54

eardrum -> hammer -> anvil –> stirrup -> cochlea (EJ HOLA A SIANO CZEKA?)

Question 55

stroop effect

Answer 55

delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli

nazwy kolorów w innych kolorach i mówienie jakiego są koloru