memory

Question 1

pamięć

Answer 1

memory - internal record or representation of some prior event or experience, not a videotape! memory is constructed;
process, roughly analogus to computer

Question 2

proces konstruktywny (?)

Answer 2

constructive process - organizing and shaping of information during processing storage, and retrieval of memories

Question 3

ESR model of memory

Answer 3

encoding - processing information into memory sytem
storage - retaining information for future use
retrieval - recovering informations from memeory storage

the more deeply information is processed, we remember it better

Question 4

tradycyjny 3-fazowy model pamięci

Answer 4

traditional three-stage memory model

stimulus from environment -> sensory memory storage (holds sensory informations, 1-2 sec for visual, 2-4 for auditory, large capacity) -(selective attention)–>short-term memory (holds infromation temporarily for analysis and retrieves information from LTM, 30 S without rehersal, 5-9 items) –(encoding)-> long term memory (recieves information from STM, relatively pernament and unlimited)

if the information from sensory memory and short term memory is not transferred is lost

Question 5

long term memory - different term

Answer 5

working memory

Question 6

automatic processing

Answer 6

information slips into LTM via ‘back door’ without cosciously attending to it

Question 7

pamięć ikoniczna

Answer 7

iconic memory

Question 8

pamięć słuchowa

Answer 8

echoic memory

Question 9

porcjonowanie (metoda zapamiętywania)

Answer 9

chunking - grouping seperate pieces of information into a single unit

Question 10

powtarzanie opracowujące (technika zapamiętywania)

Answer 10

elaborative rehearsal - linking new information to previously stored material (also knowns as deeper levels of processing)

Question 11

powtarzanie sobie w głowie??? ( technika zapamiętująca)

Answer 11

maintenance rehersal - repeating information over and over to maintain it in shor term memory

Question 12

pojemność krótkotrwałej pamięci

Answer 12

short-term memory capacity: 7+- 2

Question 13

strategie zapamiętywania i przetwarzania informacji?

Answer 13

encoding: effortful processing strategies - way to encode information into memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieve (also known as studying)

-chunking
-mnemonics - images, maps, peg-words
-hierarchies/categories
-rehersal, especially distibuted practice
-deep processing
-semantic processing
-making infromation personally meaningfull

Question 14

podział długotrwałej pamięci

Answer 14

LTM division

1) explicit/declarative memory - memory with conscious recall (semantic memory - facts and general knowledge; episodic memory - personal experiences and events)

2) implicit/nondeclarative memory - memory without conscious recall (procedural memory - motor skills and habbits - how to do things; clasically conditioned memory - conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli - phobias, prejudide etc; priming - ealier exposure facilitates retrieval for example heightened fears after reading a horror novel)

Question 15

efekt kolejności ?

Answer 15

serial-position effect - we remember better beginning (PRIMACY EFFECT) and end (RECENCY EFFECT) of a list better than middle

Question 16

wskazówki co do przypominania

Answer 16

retrieval clue - clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from LTM

Question 17

priming

Answer 17

the idea that exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention, triggers a thread of associations;

invisible memory beause it affects us,

we might be biased and our associations can influence out choices

Question 18

pamięć zależna od kontekstu

Answer 18

context-dependent memory; we retrieve memory more easily when in the same context as when we formed the memory

Question 19

pamięć zależna od stanu

Answer 19

state-dependent memory; memories can be tied to emotional state we were in when we formed the memory;

‘would you mind giving me directions? i have never been sober in this part of town before’ - znajdzie droge po pijaku, bo wtedy ja zapamietal, ale na trzezwo nie lol

Question 20

recall

Answer 20

retrieving a memory using a general, nonspecific clue (essay test)

Question 21

recognition

Answer 21

retrieving a memory using specific clue (abcd test)

Question 22

mood congurence

Answer 22

when you are mad at someone, you recall other times you were mad at them, even though you dont remeber the situations when you are not mad

Question 23

teorie zapominania

Answer 23

theories of forgetting:
1) decay theory (detoriorates over time)
2) interference theory (forhetting due to preactive or retroactive interference
3) motivated forgetting theory (we forget painful memories)
4) encoding failure theory (we never encoded the information)
5) retrieval failure theory (information cannot be retrieved)

DIMMER - first letters of every theory

Question 24

fenomen ‘na końcu języka’

Answer 24

the tip of the tongue (TOP)

Question 25

dwa typy zakłóceń

Answer 25

two types of interference

retroactive - new infomation interferes with old one ‘every time i learn student name i forget name of a fish’

proactive - old information interfers with new one; using your ex’s name to call your partner

Question 26

retrograde amnesia

Answer 26

person loses memories of event before the accident, no trouble remembering afterwars

Question 27

anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

person cannot form new memories (‘antero’ - new - memories are lost)

Question 28

konfabulacja

Answer 28

confabulation - filling in gaps in memory by fabrication

Question 29

zniekształcić

Answer 29

distort

Question 30

amnezja dziecięca

Answer 30

childhood amnesia/infantile amnesia - forgettin childhood experiences that occured before the age 2-4

Question 31

poznawcze upośledzenie

Answer 31

cognitive impairment

Question 32

Creutzfiel-Jakob disease

Answer 32

mood swings, social withdrawal, anxiety and memory lapses; jerky movements, speech impairment, seizuers; sporadic

Question 33

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 33

trembling hands, legs, trouble with everyday activities like holding something steady etc

Question 34

Huntington’s disease

Answer 34

make you appear drunk, staggering while walking, making involuntary movements, affected speech - slursing words, people have trouble with understanding sick people, losing ability to think, worsening memory

Question 35

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 35

neurodegenerative disorder, forgetting basic things on daily basis, trouble finding right words, taking part in converstations, forgetting to lock the turn or turn off the oven

Question 36

uwaga wybiórcza

Answer 36

selective attention - focusing on particular stuff and ignoring other (video with people playing basketball and there’s a bear in the background that most not seem to notice)

Question 37

method of loci

Answer 37

remembering order of things by creating a visual scenario in you mind