memory Flashcards
pamięć
memory - internal record or representation of some prior event or experience, not a videotape! memory is constructed;
process, roughly analogus to computer
proces konstruktywny (?)
constructive process - organizing and shaping of information during processing storage, and retrieval of memories
ESR model of memory
encoding - processing information into memory sytem
storage - retaining information for future use
retrieval - recovering informations from memeory storage
the more deeply information is processed, we remember it better
tradycyjny 3-fazowy model pamięci
traditional three-stage memory model
stimulus from environment -> sensory memory storage (holds sensory informations, 1-2 sec for visual, 2-4 for auditory, large capacity) -(selective attention)–>short-term memory (holds infromation temporarily for analysis and retrieves information from LTM, 30 S without rehersal, 5-9 items) –(encoding)-> long term memory (recieves information from STM, relatively pernament and unlimited)
if the information from sensory memory and short term memory is not transferred is lost
long term memory - different term
working memory
automatic processing
information slips into LTM via ‘back door’ without cosciously attending to it
pamięć ikoniczna
iconic memory
pamięć słuchowa
echoic memory
porcjonowanie (metoda zapamiętywania)
chunking - grouping seperate pieces of information into a single unit
powtarzanie opracowujące (technika zapamiętywania)
elaborative rehearsal - linking new information to previously stored material (also knowns as deeper levels of processing)
powtarzanie sobie w głowie??? ( technika zapamiętująca)
maintenance rehersal - repeating information over and over to maintain it in shor term memory
pojemność krótkotrwałej pamięci
short-term memory capacity: 7+- 2
strategie zapamiętywania i przetwarzania informacji?
encoding: effortful processing strategies - way to encode information into memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieve (also known as studying)
-chunking
-mnemonics - images, maps, peg-words
-hierarchies/categories
-rehersal, especially distibuted practice
-deep processing
-semantic processing
-making infromation personally meaningfull
podział długotrwałej pamięci
LTM division
1) explicit/declarative memory - memory with conscious recall (semantic memory - facts and general knowledge; episodic memory - personal experiences and events)
2) implicit/nondeclarative memory - memory without conscious recall (procedural memory - motor skills and habbits - how to do things; clasically conditioned memory - conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli - phobias, prejudide etc; priming - ealier exposure facilitates retrieval for example heightened fears after reading a horror novel)
efekt kolejności ?
serial-position effect - we remember better beginning (PRIMACY EFFECT) and end (RECENCY EFFECT) of a list better than middle
wskazówki co do przypominania
retrieval clue - clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from LTM
priming
the idea that exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention, triggers a thread of associations;
invisible memory beause it affects us,
we might be biased and our associations can influence out choices
pamięć zależna od kontekstu
context-dependent memory; we retrieve memory more easily when in the same context as when we formed the memory
pamięć zależna od stanu
state-dependent memory; memories can be tied to emotional state we were in when we formed the memory;
‘would you mind giving me directions? i have never been sober in this part of town before’ - znajdzie droge po pijaku, bo wtedy ja zapamietal, ale na trzezwo nie lol
recall
retrieving a memory using a general, nonspecific clue (essay test)
recognition
retrieving a memory using specific clue (abcd test)
mood congurence
when you are mad at someone, you recall other times you were mad at them, even though you dont remeber the situations when you are not mad
teorie zapominania
theories of forgetting:
1) decay theory (detoriorates over time)
2) interference theory (forhetting due to preactive or retroactive interference
3) motivated forgetting theory (we forget painful memories)
4) encoding failure theory (we never encoded the information)
5) retrieval failure theory (information cannot be retrieved)
DIMMER - first letters of every theory
fenomen ‘na końcu języka’
the tip of the tongue (TOP)
dwa typy zakłóceń
two types of interference
retroactive - new infomation interferes with old one ‘every time i learn student name i forget name of a fish’
proactive - old information interfers with new one; using your ex’s name to call your partner
retrograde amnesia
person loses memories of event before the accident, no trouble remembering afterwars
anterograde amnesia
person cannot form new memories (‘antero’ - new - memories are lost)
konfabulacja
confabulation - filling in gaps in memory by fabrication
zniekształcić
distort
amnezja dziecięca
childhood amnesia/infantile amnesia - forgettin childhood experiences that occured before the age 2-4
poznawcze upośledzenie
cognitive impairment
Creutzfiel-Jakob disease
mood swings, social withdrawal, anxiety and memory lapses; jerky movements, speech impairment, seizuers; sporadic
Parkinson’s disease
trembling hands, legs, trouble with everyday activities like holding something steady etc
Huntington’s disease
make you appear drunk, staggering while walking, making involuntary movements, affected speech - slursing words, people have trouble with understanding sick people, losing ability to think, worsening memory
Alzheimer’s disease
neurodegenerative disorder, forgetting basic things on daily basis, trouble finding right words, taking part in converstations, forgetting to lock the turn or turn off the oven
uwaga wybiórcza
selective attention - focusing on particular stuff and ignoring other (video with people playing basketball and there’s a bear in the background that most not seem to notice)
method of loci
remembering order of things by creating a visual scenario in you mind
