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Brain and Behaviour Revision > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Elements of a sensory system and the flow of info from a stimulus in the environment

A

Thalamus - processes signals and relays to cortex.

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The process of converting incoming energy into nerual activity.

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3
Q

Neural receptors

A

Specialized cells that detect certain forms of energy and transduce them into nerve cell activity

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4
Q

Transduction and encoding

A
  • Codes are usually intense - coded by the frequency of neural firing or number of neurons.
  • Quality - coded by the type or location or pattern of specific neurons.
  • Principles 1- anatomical feature for gathering, focusing, filtering stimuli. 2. sensory receptors - detect physical energy, translate physical stimulation into neural signals.
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5
Q

Photoreceptors

A

At the back of the retina = rods and cones

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6
Q

Ganglion cells

A

On the surface of retina, generates action potentials, edge detectors

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7
Q

Interneurons

A

Pass signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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8
Q

common features across senses

A
  1. accessory strucutres - anatomics features = gathering,focusing and filtering stimuli
  2. Sensory receptors - detect physical enegy and translate physical stimulation into neural signals (Transduction)
  3. Each system - minimum energy to activate it
  4. Sensation = attention, decision making
  5. Perception is complex interpretive process.
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9
Q

Spectrum of electromagnetic energy - visible light

A

Small part of the electromagnet spectrum , 400 to 750 nanometers, light intensity vs wavelength.

https://www.notion.so/Sensation-Perception-448442fce81d49a9a731672d8049f13c?pvs=4#85ae4509f3f8469f9a2f7b85618916c3

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10
Q

Psychological dimensions of light

A

Hue - colour
Colour saturation - purity
Brightness - intensity

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11
Q

Trichromatic - young helmholtz theory of colour vision

A
  • Mixing pure lights of blue, green, red = any colour
  • Short wavelength = sensitive to blue
  • Medium wavelength = sensitive to green
  • Long wavelength - sensitive to reddish yellow

https://www.notion.so/Sensation-Perception-448442fce81d49a9a731672d8049f13c?pvs=4#dabe2d42e2bc4e13af6a8701cd2e4016

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12
Q

Audition/hearing

A
  • Vibration of air molecules due to objects, travels through air as waves at 340 m/s, travels around and through objects, enter the ear and are transduced.
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13
Q

Dimensions of sound

A

Frequency - cycles per sec, Hz, psychological experiences of pitch

Amplitude - sound pressure, psychological experience of loudness, decibels, dB

Complexity - spectrum and transients, timbre or “quality”

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14
Q

Structure of the ear

A

Outer ear - pinna - collects, shapes sound, ear canald

Middle ear - tympanic membrane , ossicles including malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

Inner ear - cochlea, semicircular canals

https://www.notion.so/Sensation-Perception-448442fce81d49a9a731672d8049f13c?pvs=4#8e54b00c71c246c9a02e252fa99f5429

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15
Q

Structures of inner ear

A

https://www.notion.so/Sensation-Perception-448442fce81d49a9a731672d8049f13c?pvs=4#3c4de02657eb4597b9e7dcf15ed16e37

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16
Q

Cochlea structure

A

https://www.notion.so/Sensation-Perception-448442fce81d49a9a731672d8049f13c?pvs=4#bdb9bfdd718e493e9b3d87b15da4f09b

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17
Q

Cochlea info

A

Vibrations stimulate inner and outer hair cells. The stereocilia bens on the hair cells releasing neurotransmitters = nerve impulses

Projections to the brain come from inner hair cells = outer hair cells amplify and control membrane vibrations.

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18
Q

Fusion

A

Two primary tones of the roughly the frequency fuse. The amplitude changes depending on phase primary tone 1, primary tone 2 and fused tones.

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19
Q

Beats

A

Tones separated by less than 1/4 a critical band beat. This results in a frequency and amplitude modulated at a rate equal to the difference in primary frequencies = unpleasant - sensory dissonance

20
Q

Roughness

A

Beats faster than 20Hz, not individually processed but rough and nasty sounding. 300/320 roughness, 300 Hz primary tone, 320Hz primary tone.

Disappears when tones are far apart in separate critical bands = 400 Hz primary tone, swept primary tone and combined tone

21
Q

Absolute pitch

A

The ability to identify the musical notes associated with specific sound frequencies.

22
Q

Timbre

A

The mixture of frequencies and amplitudes that make up the quality of the sound

23
Q

Psychophysics

A

Scientific study of - elationship between physical attributes and psychological experience by gustav fechner
- Frechner method - original methods - limits, adjustments, constant stimuli, modern enhancements, staircase methods, PEST.

24
Q

Thresholds: absolute threshold; just noticeable difference; magnitude

A
  • Detection threshold - minimum intensity required to detect stimulus 50% of the time
  • Varies across persons, but rough averages are often cited
25
Q

Modality and thresholds

A

Vison - candle flames at 48km away on a clear night
Hearing - ticking watch or breathing 6m away
taste - 1 stp sugar in 7.5L of water

26
Q

Fechner’s classical method - signal detection theory

A
  • Sensitivity - intesity of the signal, capacity of sensory systems, affected by noise level.
  • Response criterion - willingness to respond to a stimulus, influenced by motivation and expectancies

https://www.notion.so/Perception-6bad362722cd489589e9f7ad16e538cb?pvs=4#05e75c0999594813b10d2ff0e56b6202

27
Q

Psychophysical “Laws”

A

Webers law - JND constant proportion of stimulus magnitude , JND = Kl

Fechners law - magnitude of stimulus growth logarithmically as the subjective experience of intensity growths artithmetically

Steven’s power Law - subjective intensity increases linearly as actual intensity grows exponentially and different stimuli/modalities have different exponent.

28
Q

Fechners Law and stevens law diagam

A

https://www.notion.so/Perception-6bad362722cd489589e9f7ad16e538cb?pvs=4#adf25e8edd5a4c78a164bfe3102516d0

29
Q

Key features of the constructivist, computational and ecological approaches to perception

A
  • Computational
  • Constructivist
  • Ecological
  • Perceptual organisation and examples of figure-ground separation and the gestalt grouping principles.
30
Q

Basic processes in perceptual organisation : Gestalt principles

A

Proximity, similarity, contnuinty, closure, texture, simplicity, common fate

31
Q

Palmers grouping principles

A

Common region, connectedness, synchrony

https://www.notion.so/Perception-6bad362722cd489589e9f7ad16e538cb?pvs=4#683b00c5a6524256a7becc3e9d20fe50

32
Q

Depth or distance perception

A
  • The organisation of perception in three dimensions
  • Two kinds of visual information provide important info about depth and distance
  • binocular cues: visual input integrated from the two eyes
  • monicular cues - visual input from one eye
33
Q

Binocular Cues/ cells

A

Convergence - sensing how “turned” in the eyes are to focus on an object

34
Q

Monocular cues

A

Interposition - object blocking anohter
Linear perspective - lines converge
Texture gradient: Distant objects finer
Shaind: 3D objects cast shadows
Aerial persepctive - far objects = blurry
Familiar size - familiar objects are small, distant
Relative size: The smaller object seen as further away

35
Q

Perception in Emotion

A

Optical flow cues - motion parallax loming, role of the senses of equilibrium and touch

Stroboscopic illusion - principles of likelihood and simplicity

36
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

https://www.notion.so/Perception-6bad362722cd489589e9f7ad16e538cb?pvs=4#1d83356b1e7f46a8889137b692cfc5e6

37
Q

Perceptual processing, object superiority effect

A

https://www.notion.so/Perception-6bad362722cd489589e9f7ad16e538cb?pvs=4#428cf42e90e94ec3bc8c770812a74b5d

38
Q

Structure of the eye

A

https://www.notion.so/Perception-6bad362722cd489589e9f7ad16e538cb?pvs=4#ccf4f74b01e34cf195c467164bb7ba19

39
Q

Rods and cones

A

Rods - highly light sensitive photoreceptors in the retina that allow vision even in dim light but cannot distinguish colours

Cones - photoreceptors in the retina that help us distinguish colours.

40
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Specialised cells in the retina that convert light energy into nerve cell activity and they contain photopigments that respond to light.

41
Q

Synaesthesia

A

A blending of sensory experience that causes some people to ‘see’ sounds or ‘taste’ colours, for example

42
Q

Olfactory perception

A

Our sense of smell, detects chemicals that are airborne or volatile

43
Q

Taste perception

A

Gustatory perception or our senses of taste, detects chemicals in solution that come into contact with receptors inside the mouth.

44
Q

Olafactory receptors

A

Odour stimulates these todifferent degrees and the particular patterns of stimuluation create codes for particular odour sensations.

45
Q

Olfaction and brain structure

A

Olfactory bulb where processing of olfactory information continues. Information is sent for further processin
tional experience

Brain and Behaviour Revision (10 decks)

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