Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
The influence that accounts for the initiation, direction, intensity and persistance of behaviour.
E.g dry mouth - drink from a water fountain
Sources of motivation
- Physiological - food, water and air
- Emotional - panic, love, fear or revenge
- Cognitive - expectations of success or failure
- Social - the influence of friends, parents or teachers
Instinct Doctrine
- Instinctive behaviours motivate people
(Mcdougal 1908, 18 human instincts), seen as meaningless labels (descriptive), instinct doctrine.
Drive reduction theory and homeostasis
- Physiological needs create drives
- Primary drives
- secondary drives
Arousal Theory
- Motivation = reg of phsyiological arousal
-motivation to behaviour in ways that = maintain arousal - Performance is best when arousal is moderate
Incentive Theory
- Environmental stimuli motivate behaviour - motivated to get positive incentives (rewards), motivated to avoid negative incentives (punishments)
- Two incentive-related systems - wanting, liking
Maslow Hierarchy of needs
- Lower level needs = satisfied first
Satisfy multiple levels at once and not in order. Human needs = existence needs, related needs, growth needs in any order.
Hierarchy - self actualisation, esteem, belonginges and love, safety and physiological
Motive states
Temporary flucturations as some needs are satsified and other build up.
Motive Dispositions
- chronic, individual differences in the need for particular things (e.g need for achievement)
- E.g need for power - desire to have an impact on others, to have prestige, to feel strong
- affiliation - desire to spend time with others
- achievement - desire to do things well, to feel pleasure in overcoming obstacles
- intimacy - desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person.
Achievement motivation
- Intrinsic motivation - a desire to attain internal satisfaction
- Extrinsic motivation - a desire for external rewards.
Achievement and success at work
- Low motivation results from feelings of little or no control over one’s work environment
- Ability to set and achieve clear goals can increase job performance and satisfacion
- Effective goals at work- personally meaningful, specific and concrete and supported and encouraged by management.
Hypothalamus
- activity in the ventromedial nucleus signals that there is no need to eat
- Activity in the lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating
- Stimulating the paraventricular nucleus results in reduced food intake damaging it causes animals to become obese.
Biological factors - hunger , sexuality
20+ neurotransmitters/modulators affect what, how we eat aka neuropetise y stimulates carbs.
Flavour, sociocultural experience and food selection. Flavour - eat more than we need to appetite - increase desire for certain foods , specific hunger - caused by a deficiency in red meat, learning - , social and cultural influences
Social
- Learning and thinking shapes asexuality
- E.g development of gender roles
- Attitudes about sexual behaviour can be shaped by educational programs to promote abstinence or safe sexual practices.
Sexual motivation
- Factors affecting sexual motivation and arousal = individuals physiology = females -oestrogen, males - androgens,
- Learned behaviour and physical/social environment = sexual scripts (patterns of behaviour that lead to sex)
