Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Detecting stimuli from the environment and converting it to neural signals

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

Selecting and organizing sensations - creating meaning form sensory information

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3
Q

What is Bottom-up processing?

A

Constructing a whole from it’s parts - no prior knowledge

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4
Q

What is Top-down processing?

A

Conceptually driven and based on expectations - looks at the big picture and then the details

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5
Q

What is Selective attention?

A

hearing one voice among many, etc.

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6
Q

What is the Cocktail Party effect?

A

When you’re in a crowded situation and can hear someone call your name

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7
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

failing to see visible objects when attention is elsewhere

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8
Q

What is change blindness?

A

failing to notice change in an environment

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9
Q

What is Choice Blindness?

A

Failure to recall a choice after you made it already (ex: those face cards from brain games)

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10
Q

What is choice blindness blindness?

A

inability to recognize that we are unable to recognize our own choice blindness

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11
Q

What is the “Pop out” phenomenon

A

some stimuli appears to pop out, like those dots

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12
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

smallest detectable level of stimuli against background

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13
Q

What is SDT? (Signal Detection Theory)

A

Assumes that there is no absolute threshold and depends on
persons experience
expectations
motivation
level of fatigue

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14
Q

What is Sublimal Stimulation?

A

Stimuli below the absolute threshold

ex: smelling something bad but cant describe it

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15
Q

What is difference threshold?

A

detecting differences in stimuli

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16
Q

What is webers law?

A

2 stimuli must differ by a constant % to be perceived as different

ex: bodybuilder

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17
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Getting used to something constant - like hair tie on wrist

nerve cells fire less frequently

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18
Q

What is light?

A

waves of electromagnetic NRG

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19
Q

what is transduction?

A

sensory info converted into action potential

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20
Q

What does the wavelength of light effect?

A

Hue

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21
Q

What does amplitude of light waves effect?

A

brightness and intensity

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22
Q

What does the saturation of light waves have to do with?

A

how strong a color is

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23
Q

What is the cornea?

A

outer covering of the eye (protection) that bends light to focus it

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24
Q

What is the pupil?

A

A whole into the eye where light enters

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25
Q

What is the iris?

A

Surrounds the pupil and dilates/constricts in response to light intensity

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26
Q

What is the lens?

A

where light hits after it goes through the pupil - focuses to the retina

bends the image upside down

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27
Q

What is the retina?

A

membrane at the back of the eye which contains rods and cones

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28
Q

What is the retinas area of focus?

A

The fovea

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29
Q

What are rods?

A

responsible for light and motion detection - can send messages with other rods

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30
Q

What are cones?

A

responsible for details and colors (only in bright light)

clusters around the fovea and can preserve precise infromation

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31
Q

How does the retina react to light?

A

Triggers reaction in rods and cones

creates chemical signals and neural signals

bipolar cells activate ganglion cells

goes to the brain

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32
Q

what are ganglion cells?

A

cells that form the optic nerve

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33
Q

what is the optic nerve?

A

carries information from the eyes to the brain (thalamus)

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34
Q

what is a bling spot?

A

area where there are no optic nerve cells that leave the eye - no receptor cells

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35
Q

What is feature detection?

A

using minimal patterns to identify objects

36
Q

where does facial recognition occur?

A

the temporal love and hippocampus

37
Q

what is parallel processing?

A

processing many things at once such as color movement and depth

38
Q

what is the young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

red green and blue are the three main colors

39
Q

what is the opponent processing theory?

A

complimentary colors leave afterimages because other color in the cones from your eye get tired

40
Q

what are afterimages?

A

when a photo disappears and you can see the complimentary colors as an afterimage

41
Q

what does the amplitude of sound waves determine?

A

the volume

42
Q

what does the frequency of sound waves determine?

A

the pitch

43
Q

long waves = ___
short waves = __

A

low pitch
high pitch

44
Q

where does transduction occur? (hearing)

A

in the cochlea

45
Q

How does transduction in the ears occur?

A

eardrum vibrates and is connected to the cochlea

vibrations cause fluid to move along with hairs within

triggers electrical signals

auditory nerve transmission from said electrical signals

46
Q

What is a part of the outer ear?

A

Ear canal, eardrum

47
Q

what is the eardrum?

A

a tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound

48
Q

what is a part of the middle ear?

A

the piston made up of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

49
Q

what is the function of the middle ear?

A

to connect the eardrums vibrations to the cochlea

50
Q

what is the function of the inner ear?

A

converting sound waves into electrical NRG

51
Q

what is the oval window?

A

where the stirrup and cochlea meet

52
Q

what is the cochlea

A

a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube where sound waves trigger neural impulses

53
Q

what happens when hair cells in the ear are damaged?

A

hearing loss

54
Q

what is the auditory nerve?

A

cells that send auditory messages to the brain

55
Q

what is the semicircular canal?

A

helps you keep your balance - filled with fluid

56
Q

what is the auditory cortex?

A

helps process auditory information and it located inside the temporal lobe

57
Q

How does the brain interpret loudness?

A

by the # of activated hair cells in the ear

58
Q

what is the place theory?

A

that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity in different places along the cochleas basilar membrane.

best explains how we hear higher pitches

59
Q

What is frequency theory?

A

That the brain reads pitch by keeping track of the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve

best explains how we hear lower pitches

60
Q

How do we locate sounds?

A

based on its location, speed of the sound, and localization

61
Q

What is the only cure to sensorineural hearing loss?

A

cochlear implants

62
Q

What is conduction hearing loss?

A

problems with mechanical system that conducts to the cochlea

63
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

damage to the cochleas hair cell receptors “nerve deafness”

64
Q

How do we feel hot?

A

when warm and cold sensors are combined

65
Q

What is the mcgurk effect?

A

ex: girl saying ba but sounding like GA because of what you are seeing with your eyes

66
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

hairy and glabrous

67
Q

what is kinesthesis?

A

sense of body position - how you don’t hit things

68
Q

what is vestibular sense?

A

motors your head and body movement - balance

69
Q

what are vestibular sacs?

A

help with balance - by the semicircular tubes

70
Q

What is CIPA disease?

A

when someone is born without the ability to feel pain

71
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

sensory receptors that detect hurtful temp, pressure, and chemicals

72
Q

what is the gate control theory?

A

the idea that your spinal chord contains neurological “gate” that blocks/allows pain to pass into the brain

more stimuli might make the pain lessen because only a little bit can go in at a time

73
Q

what are psychological influences on pain?

A

editing memories of pain - recording the peak and only remembering that

74
Q

what are socio-cultural influences on pain?

A

perceiving more pain when others fo

75
Q

what is biopsychosocial influemce?

A

the combination of psychological and social-cultural influences

76
Q

what are the 5 main tastes?

A

sweet
salty
bitter
sour
umami

77
Q

why to we taste sweet?

A

source of NRG

78
Q

why to we taste salty?

A

sodium essential to psychological process

79
Q

why to we taste bitter?

A

potential poisons

80
Q

why to we taste sour?

A

potentially toxic acid

81
Q

why to we taste umami?

A

proteins to grow and repair tissues

82
Q

what is flavor?

A

texture, smell, and taste combined

83
Q

what are taste buds?

A

little bumps on the top and the side of your tongue with receptors inside the pores

84
Q

What is olfaction?

A

experiencing smell

85
Q

when does the ability to smell peak?

A

adulthood

86
Q

which part of the brain is smell linked to?

A

the limbic system

87
Q

what is synesthesia?

A