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Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Detecting stimuli from the environment and converting it to neural signals

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

Selecting and organizing sensations - creating meaning form sensory information

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3
Q

What is Bottom-up processing?

A

Constructing a whole from it’s parts - no prior knowledge

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4
Q

What is Top-down processing?

A

Conceptually driven and based on expectations - looks at the big picture and then the details

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5
Q

What is Selective attention?

A

hearing one voice among many, etc.

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6
Q

What is the Cocktail Party effect?

A

When you’re in a crowded situation and can hear someone call your name

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7
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

failing to see visible objects when attention is elsewhere

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8
Q

What is change blindness?

A

failing to notice change in an environment

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9
Q

What is Choice Blindness?

A

Failure to recall a choice after you made it already (ex: those face cards from brain games)

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10
Q

What is choice blindness blindness?

A

inability to recognize that we are unable to recognize our own choice blindness

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11
Q

What is the “Pop out” phenomenon

A

some stimuli appears to pop out, like those dots

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12
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

smallest detectable level of stimuli against background

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13
Q

What is SDT? (Signal Detection Theory)

A

Assumes that there is no absolute threshold and depends on
persons experience
expectations
motivation
level of fatigue

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14
Q

What is Sublimal Stimulation?

A

Stimuli below the absolute threshold

ex: smelling something bad but cant describe it

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15
Q

What is difference threshold?

A

detecting differences in stimuli

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16
Q

What is webers law?

A

2 stimuli must differ by a constant % to be perceived as different

ex: bodybuilder

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17
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Getting used to something constant - like hair tie on wrist

nerve cells fire less frequently

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18
Q

What is light?

A

waves of electromagnetic NRG

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19
Q

what is transduction?

A

sensory info converted into action potential

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20
Q

What does the wavelength of light effect?

A

Hue

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21
Q

What does amplitude of light waves effect?

A

brightness and intensity

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22
Q

What does the saturation of light waves have to do with?

A

how strong a color is

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23
Q

What is the cornea?

A

outer covering of the eye (protection) that bends light to focus it

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24
Q

What is the pupil?

A

A whole into the eye where light enters

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25
What is the iris?
Surrounds the pupil and dilates/constricts in response to light intensity
26
What is the lens?
where light hits after it goes through the pupil - focuses to the retina bends the image upside down
27
What is the retina?
membrane at the back of the eye which contains rods and cones
28
What is the retinas area of focus?
The fovea
29
What are rods?
responsible for light and motion detection - can send messages with other rods
30
What are cones?
responsible for details and colors (only in bright light) clusters around the fovea and can preserve precise infromation
31
How does the retina react to light?
Triggers reaction in rods and cones creates chemical signals and neural signals bipolar cells activate ganglion cells goes to the brain
32
what are ganglion cells?
cells that form the optic nerve
33
what is the optic nerve?
carries information from the eyes to the brain (thalamus)
34
what is a bling spot?
area where there are no optic nerve cells that leave the eye - no receptor cells
35
What is feature detection?
using minimal patterns to identify objects
36
where does facial recognition occur?
the temporal love and hippocampus
37
what is parallel processing?
processing many things at once such as color movement and depth
38
what is the young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
red green and blue are the three main colors
39
what is the opponent processing theory?
complimentary colors leave afterimages because other color in the cones from your eye get tired
40
what are afterimages?
when a photo disappears and you can see the complimentary colors as an afterimage
41
what does the amplitude of sound waves determine?
the volume
42
what does the frequency of sound waves determine?
the pitch
43
long waves = ___ short waves = __
low pitch high pitch
44
where does transduction occur? (hearing)
in the cochlea
45
How does transduction in the ears occur?
eardrum vibrates and is connected to the cochlea vibrations cause fluid to move along with hairs within triggers electrical signals auditory nerve transmission from said electrical signals
46
What is a part of the outer ear?
Ear canal, eardrum
47
what is the eardrum?
a tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound
48
what is a part of the middle ear?
the piston made up of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
49
what is the function of the middle ear?
to connect the eardrums vibrations to the cochlea
50
what is the function of the inner ear?
converting sound waves into electrical NRG
51
what is the oval window?
where the stirrup and cochlea meet
52
what is the cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube where sound waves trigger neural impulses
53
what happens when hair cells in the ear are damaged?
hearing loss
54
what is the auditory nerve?
cells that send auditory messages to the brain
55
what is the semicircular canal?
helps you keep your balance - filled with fluid
56
what is the auditory cortex?
helps process auditory information and it located inside the temporal lobe
57
How does the brain interpret loudness?
by the # of activated hair cells in the ear
58
what is the place theory?
that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity in different places along the cochleas basilar membrane. best explains how we hear higher pitches
59
What is frequency theory?
That the brain reads pitch by keeping track of the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve best explains how we hear lower pitches
60
How do we locate sounds?
based on its location, speed of the sound, and localization
61
What is the only cure to sensorineural hearing loss?
cochlear implants
62
What is conduction hearing loss?
problems with mechanical system that conducts to the cochlea
63
what is sensorineural hearing loss?
damage to the cochleas hair cell receptors "nerve deafness"
64
How do we feel hot?
when warm and cold sensors are combined
65
What is the mcgurk effect?
ex: girl saying ba but sounding like GA because of what you are seeing with your eyes
66
What are the two types of skin?
hairy and glabrous
67
what is kinesthesis?
sense of body position - how you don't hit things
68
what is vestibular sense?
motors your head and body movement - balance
69
what are vestibular sacs?
help with balance - by the semicircular tubes
70
What is CIPA disease?
when someone is born without the ability to feel pain
71
what are nociceptors?
sensory receptors that detect hurtful temp, pressure, and chemicals
72
what is the gate control theory?
the idea that your spinal chord contains neurological "gate" that blocks/allows pain to pass into the brain more stimuli might make the pain lessen because only a little bit can go in at a time
73
what are psychological influences on pain?
editing memories of pain - recording the peak and only remembering that
74
what are socio-cultural influences on pain?
perceiving more pain when others fo
75
what is biopsychosocial influemce?
the combination of psychological and social-cultural influences
76
what are the 5 main tastes?
sweet salty bitter sour umami
77
why to we taste sweet?
source of NRG
78
why to we taste salty?
sodium essential to psychological process
79
why to we taste bitter?
potential poisons
80
why to we taste sour?
potentially toxic acid
81
why to we taste umami?
proteins to grow and repair tissues
82
what is flavor?
texture, smell, and taste combined
83
what are taste buds?
little bumps on the top and the side of your tongue with receptors inside the pores
84
What is olfaction?
experiencing smell
85
when does the ability to smell peak?
adulthood
86
which part of the brain is smell linked to?
the limbic system
87
what is synesthesia?

psych (11 decks)

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