2.4 Reading Quiz Flashcards
Explicit (declarative) memories
facts and experiences we can consciously know and “declare.”
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
implicit (nondeclarative) memories.
facts and experiences we can unconsciously know
3 things you automatically process:
space
time
frequency
Sensory Memory
feeds our active working memory, recording momentary images, sounds, and strong scents. Very short term.
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
Sensory-Memory stage
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. ex: kanji
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
method of loci
“he added vivid new details to memories of a familiar place — his childhood home.”
Hierarchies
composed of a few broad categories divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.
The spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. ex: flashcards and figuring out the answer on your own
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words. (elementary level, like typing wright instead of right)
Deep Processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. (intermediate level, knowing the meaning of words)
self-reference effect
the tendency to remember self-relevant information
