Semi-final (URINARY SYSTEM) Flashcards
The urinary system consist of the paired….
Kidneys and Ureters
Bladder and Urethra
It produce urine
Kidney
Transport urine toward the urinary bladder
Ureter
Temporarily stores urine prior to elimination
Urinary bladder
Conducts urine to exterior
Urethra
3 types of Renal Functions
Regulatory Functions
Secretory Functions
Excretory Functions
Has fluid balance and Acid-base balance
Regulatory Functions
Has Renin production and Erythropoeitin production
Secretory Functions
The parechyma of each kidney has:
Outer renal cortex
Inner renal medulla
A darker stained region with many round corpuscles and tubule cross sections
Outer renal cortex
From amino acid metabolism
Urea
From nucleic acid metabolism
Uric acid
From muscle metabolism
Creatinine
Increases reabsorption of H2O
ADH
Increases reabsorption of Ca+2
PTH
Increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+
Aldosterone
Decreases reabsorption of Na+
ANP
It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
renin-angiotensin system or RAS
It stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone in the adrenal glands, which causes the renal tubules to retain sodium and water and excrete potassium
Angiotensin II
It is found in the lungs metabolizes angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
enzyme known as ACE
It causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to increase
Angiotensin II
It is an aspect of homeostasis in human body in which the amount of water needs to be controlled, through osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges.
Fluid balance
It help maintain the acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine
The kidneys
It is lined with transitional epithelium underlined by a collagenous lamina propria
urinary bladder
The lamina propria is lined by a unique stratified epithelium called _______ that is resistant to the potentially deleterious effects of contact with hyper- tonic urine.
transitional epithelium or urothelium
________of small basal cells resting on a very thin basement membrane
A single layer
________containing from one to several layers of cuboidal or low columnar cells
An intermediate region
____________which are highly differentiated to protect the underlying cells against the potentially cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine
superficial layer of large bulbous or elliptical umbrella cells
The bladder in an average adult can hold _________
400-600 mL of urine
with the urge to empty urine appearing at about
150-200 ml.
The muscularis consists of three poorly delineated layers, collectively called
detrusor muscle
The mucosa of these organs is lined by the uniquely stratified urothelium or transitional epithelium
URETER and URINARY BLADDER
A specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
It is located near the vascular pole of the glomerulus and its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries, called
glomerulus
surrounded by a double layer of epithelial cells, called
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
The inner or visceral layer of the capsule consists of unique and highly modified branching epithelial cells, called
podocytes
_________are adjacent to and completely invest the glomerular capillaries.
podocytes
It consists of simple squamous epithelium
outer or parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
Kidneys each contain 1-4 million functional units (parenchyma) called
nephrons or uriniferous tubules.
The major divisions of each nephron are:
Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle (or nephron loop)
Distal tubule
consisting of a thick straight part ascending from the loop of Henle back into the cortex and a convoluted part completely in the cortex.
Distal tubule
It is not part of the nephron.
collecting tubule
an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration; always located in the cortex;
Renal corpuscle
A long convoluted part, located entirely in the cortex, with a shorter straight part that enters the medulla;
Proximal tubule
in the medulla, with a thin descending and a thin ascending limb;
Loop of Henle (or nephron loop)
Amount
1-2 Liters/24 hours
PH
pH average = 6
Range = 4.6-8
Color
Straw or amber, Darker means concentrated Should be clear not cloudy
Specific gravity
1.010 to 1.025 it is a measure of the dissolved material in urine; the lower the value, the more dilute the urine
It hasthe greatest effect on the urine pH
Diet
Each kidney is bean-shaped, with a ______
concave hilum
Attached to each minor calyx is a
renal pyramid
The cortex and hilum are covered with a
fibrous capsule.
The ureter divides and subdivides into several
major and minor calyces,
consisting mostly of aligned linear tubules and ducts
Inner renal medula
the renal medulla in human consist of 8-5 conical structures called
Renal pyramids
All with their bases meeting the cortex (at the corticomedullary junction) and separated from each other by extensions of the cortex called
Renal columns
The tip of each pyramid
Renal papilla
A conical region of medulla delimited by extensions of cortex
Renal Pyramid
It is covered with a fibrous capsule
Cortex and Hilum
Renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillary called
Glomerulus
It is surrounded by a double layer of epithelial cells called glomerular capsule
Renal corpuscle
