Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Semester 2 > SEMESTER EXAM > Flashcards

SEMESTER EXAM Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Do not have membrane-bound organelles, and can be a part of unicellular organisms only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

They have membrane-bound organelles and can be a part of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell. Contains nucleolus and chromatin. Stores DNA, and directs cell growth and genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produces lipids, transport system for proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Has ribosomes attached and also transports proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Golgi Body

A

Series of flattened sacs. It processes and packages proteins to be sent to other parts of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lysosome

A

Small sacs that have enzymes that break down different polymers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores different types of material( food, water, and other materials) for plant and animal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Regulates what goes in and out of all the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cilia

A

Moves water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Flagella

A

Moves cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus where RNA is transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved (salt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Solvent

A

The substance that is dissolving the solute (water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypotonic

A

Contains a lower % solute (sugar/salt) than an environment separated by a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypertonic

A

Contains a higher % of solute (sugar/salt) than an environment separated by a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions that contain an equal concentration of solute (salt) and solvent (water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Equilibrium

A

When the concentration of materials in a given area is equal throughout the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure of water on the cell wall of a plant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure of water pushing on the cell membrane of an animal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of molecules that does not require energy, from high [] to low []

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy, from low [] to high []

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endocytosis

A

A process by which a cell takes material into the cell by folding in the cell membrane to create a vesicle
Vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Exocytosis

A

The release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Integral proteins

A

Proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Marker proteins

A

Proteins in the cell membrane that identify the cell. Elongated and twisted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Channel/ carrier proteins

A

Channel proteins are proteins that act as gates that allow polar molecules to pass through. Donut-shaped proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Proteins that provide communication between cells. Boulder-shaped.

29
Q

Cytolysis

A

The bursting of a cell due to high osmotic pressure

30
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration
No energy

31
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Does not require energy

32
Q

Is hydrophilic polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

33
Q

Is hydrophobic polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar

34
Q

What would happen to a blood cell placed in a saltwater solution?

A

The cell would shrink.

35
Q

Purines

A

Larger with two rings
Adenine and guanine

36
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Smaller with one ring
Cytosine and thymine

37
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds complementary nucleotides and proofreads the open strands of DNA in replication

38
Q

Helicase

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds and opens the DNA molecule up

39
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

Occurs in the S phase of interphase in the cell cycle

40
Q

The process of DNA replication

A
  1. Helicase opens the double helix and separates the DNA strands.
  2. The primer (3 prime, 5 prime) gets the strand ready for replication.
  3. DNA polymerase assembles the new DNA segment.
41
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
Cytokinesis

42
Q

What is chromatin?

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms (basically chromosomes)

43
Q

What are chromatids?

A

the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division
The long L part of a chromosome

44
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a structure that carries genetic information in the form of genes

45
Q

Centromere

A

the region of a chromosome where the spindle fibers attach
the circle in the middle

46
Q

Transcription

A

the process by which a section of DNA is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule
Happens first

47
Q

Translation

A

the process where genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

48
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that is required for transcription.

49
Q

mRNA

A

carries the coding instructions for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes

50
Q

tRNA

A

the type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome to form a polypeptide chain

51
Q

rRNA

A

is part of proteins and helps to make ribosomes

52
Q

Codon

A

3 base sequence on mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid

53
Q

Anticodon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

54
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers emerge, and the nucleolus disappears

55
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, and sister chromatids are attached to a spindle fiber

56
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The proteins binding the spindle fibers break down, and sister chromatids are pulled apart

57
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell, and the mitotic spindle fibers break down

58
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

One chromosome from mom and one chromosome from dad

59
Q

Crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes swap genes

60
Q

Genes

A

Sections of DNA that code for proteins/traits

61
Q

.

A

.

62
Q

Purebred

A

Purebred is the breeding of two homozygous organisms

63
Q

Hybrid

A

Hybrid is the breeding of two organisms that are heterozygous or different

64
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The blending or mixing of alleles in the phenotype pink flower

65
Q

Codominance

A

Equally dominant traits that are both physically expressed in the phenotype
red and white flower

66
Q

What happens during meiosis 1?

A

The cell divides and forms 2 haploid daughter cells

67
Q

What happens during meiosis 2?

A

The two haploid cells formed in meiosis 1 divide and form 4 haploid daughter cells

68
Q

Haploid

A

A single set of chromosomes
1 line

69
Q

Diploid

A

Two complete sets of chromosomes

Biology Semester 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions