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Biology Semester 2 > SEMESTER EXAM > Flashcards

SEMESTER EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Do not have membrane-bound organelles, and can be a part of unicellular organisms only.

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

They have membrane-bound organelles and can be a part of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms.

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell. Contains nucleolus and chromatin. Stores DNA, and directs cell growth and genetic information.

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4
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produces lipids, transport system for proteins.

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5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Has ribosomes attached and also transports proteins

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6
Q

Golgi Body

A

Series of flattened sacs. It processes and packages proteins to be sent to other parts of the cell.

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Small sacs that have enzymes that break down different polymers.

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8
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores different types of material( food, water, and other materials) for plant and animal Cells

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9
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Regulates what goes in and out of all the cells.

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10
Q

Cilia

A

Moves water

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11
Q

Flagella

A

Moves cell

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus where RNA is transcribed

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13
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved (salt)

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14
Q

Solvent

A

The substance that is dissolving the solute (water)

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15
Q

Hypotonic

A

Contains a lower % solute (sugar/salt) than an environment separated by a membrane

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16
Q

Hypertonic

A

Contains a higher % of solute (sugar/salt) than an environment separated by a membrane

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions that contain an equal concentration of solute (salt) and solvent (water)

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

When the concentration of materials in a given area is equal throughout the area

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19
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure of water on the cell wall of a plant cell

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20
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure of water pushing on the cell membrane of an animal cell

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21
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of molecules that does not require energy, from high [] to low []

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22
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy, from low [] to high []

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23
Q

Endocytosis

A

A process by which a cell takes material into the cell by folding in the cell membrane to create a vesicle
Vagina

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24
Q

Exocytosis

A

The release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

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25
Integral proteins
Proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
26
Marker proteins
Proteins in the cell membrane that identify the cell. Elongated and twisted
27
Channel/ carrier proteins
Channel proteins are proteins that act as gates that allow polar molecules to pass through. Donut-shaped proteins.
28
Receptor proteins
Proteins that provide communication between cells. Boulder-shaped.
29
Cytolysis
The bursting of a cell due to high osmotic pressure
30
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration No energy
31
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Does not require energy
32
Is hydrophilic polar or non-polar?
Polar
33
Is hydrophobic polar or non-polar?
Non-polar
34
What would happen to a blood cell placed in a saltwater solution?
The cell would shrink.
35
Purines
Larger with two rings Adenine and guanine
36
Pyrimidines
Smaller with one ring Cytosine and thymine
37
DNA polymerase
Adds complementary nucleotides and proofreads the open strands of DNA in replication
38
Helicase
Breaks hydrogen bonds and opens the DNA molecule up
39
Where does DNA replication occur?
Occurs in the S phase of interphase in the cell cycle
40
The process of DNA replication
1. Helicase opens the double helix and separates the DNA strands. 2. The primer (3 prime, 5 prime) gets the strand ready for replication. 3. DNA polymerase assembles the new DNA segment.
41
Cell Cycle
Interphase (G1, S, G2) Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) Cytokinesis
42
What is chromatin?
a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms (basically chromosomes)
43
What are chromatids?
the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division The long L part of a chromosome
44
What is a chromosome?
a structure that carries genetic information in the form of genes
45
Centromere
the region of a chromosome where the spindle fibers attach the circle in the middle
46
Transcription
the process by which a section of DNA is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule Happens first
47
Translation
the process where genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
48
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that is required for transcription.
49
mRNA
carries the coding instructions for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes
50
tRNA
the type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome to form a polypeptide chain
51
rRNA
is part of proteins and helps to make ribosomes
52
Codon
3 base sequence on mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid
53
Anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
54
What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers emerge, and the nucleolus disappears
55
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, and sister chromatids are attached to a spindle fiber
56
What happens during anaphase?
The proteins binding the spindle fibers break down, and sister chromatids are pulled apart
57
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell, and the mitotic spindle fibers break down
58
Homologous Chromosomes
One chromosome from mom and one chromosome from dad
59
Crossing over
Homologous chromosomes swap genes
60
Genes
Sections of DNA that code for proteins/traits
61
.
.
62
Purebred
Purebred is the breeding of two homozygous organisms
63
Hybrid
Hybrid is the breeding of two organisms that are heterozygous or different
64
Incomplete dominance
The blending or mixing of alleles in the phenotype pink flower
65
Codominance
Equally dominant traits that are both physically expressed in the phenotype red and white flower
66
What happens during meiosis 1?
The cell divides and forms 2 haploid daughter cells
67
What happens during meiosis 2?
The two haploid cells formed in meiosis 1 divide and form 4 haploid daughter cells
68
Haploid
A single set of chromosomes 1 line
69
Diploid
Two complete sets of chromosomes

Biology Semester 2 (4 decks)

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