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Human Biology ATAR 11 > SEMESTER 2 EXAM > Flashcards

SEMESTER 2 EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A
  • Question
  • Background research
  • Hypothesis
  • Experiment
  • Collect/analyse data
  • Observation
  • Conclusion
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible explanation or solution to a problem

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3
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable being measured

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4
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable being changed

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5
Q

Control Variables

A

the variables remaining the same

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6
Q

Validity

A

If the experiment tests what it is supposed to test

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7
Q

Reliability

A

If the experiment gives the same results each time

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8
Q

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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9
Q

DNA structure

A
  • Strands are bound to proteins (histones), so the long molecules can fit into small spaces
  • Two strands of alternating sugars and phosphates
  • Pairs of nitrogen bases forming cross-linking between the sugar molecules
  • Adenine = Thymine
  • Cytosine = Guanine
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10
Q

RNA

A
  • Ribonucleic Acid
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11
Q

RNA Structure

A
  • Single chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose

- Carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to where proteins are made

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12
Q

Transcription

A
  • The information in DNA is transferred to mRNA
    1. Enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA
    2. Free RNA nucleotides form base pairs with complimentary nucleotides of DNA
    3. The mRNA strand leaves nucleus
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13
Q

Translation

A
  • converting the information of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in proteins
    1. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. A tRNA anticodon with the nRNA codon
    2. Usually first codon is AUG. The ribosome then slides over one codon on the mRNA
    3. The new tRNA molecules carrying another amino acid pair with the second mRNA codon
    4. The mains acids are joined by a peptide bond
    5. A chain of amino acids is formed until a stop codon is reached
    6. The amino acids become a protein when release from the ribosome. The chain twists up to make a protein
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14
Q

Passive process

A

Doesn’t require energy

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15
Q

Active process/transport

A

Requires energy

goes against concentration gradient

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16
Q

Differentially permeable membrane

A
  • allows certain ions and molecules to pass through, but restricts movement of others
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17
Q

Diffusion

A

a passive process resulting from the random movement of ions and molecules; osmosis is a special case of diffusion where water passes across the membrane
HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER

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18
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport

A
  • a process that requires special proteins in the cell membrane; it may be passive or active depending on the exact nature of the mechanism
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19
Q

Vesicular transport

A

A process in which materials are moved in membrane-bound sacs; it is an active process

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20
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of a solvent through a differentially permeable membrane
  • Diffuse from higher conc. to lower conc.
  • The higher the concentration, the higher the osmotic pressure
  • Water does this in cells (BLOOD)
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21
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Disease of the joints
  • Cartilage breaks down causing pain and stiffness in joints
  • Common in 45+ year olds
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22
Q

Osteoarthritis (CAUSES)

A
  • knees: overweight, injury, repetitive kneeling, climbing, squatting
  • hips: overweight, injury, repetitive heavy lifting
  • hands: repetitive use of hands, injury
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23
Q

Osteoarthritis (SYMPTOMS)

A
  • stiffness
  • joint pain
  • muscle weakness
  • clicking noises
  • grating sensations
  • lack of flexibility
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24
Q

Osteoarthritis (DIAGNOSIS)

A
  • xray

- physical examination

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25
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • 206 bones
  • Support
  • Protect
  • Provide movement
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26
Q

Axial System

A
  • Skull bones, the vertebrae, the ribs, the sternum
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27
Q

Vertebrae

A
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Thoracic (chest/ribs)
  • Lumbar (lower back)]
  • Sacral (pelvis)
  • Terminal (Coccyx)
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28
Q

Appendicular System

A

Limbs
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle

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29
Q

Compact bone

A

dense

compact

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30
Q

Spongey/Cancellous bone

A

porous

large spaces filled with marrow

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31
Q

Large Bone

A
  • primarily compact bone by may have spongey bone
  • bones that are longer than they are wide
  • consists of a long shaft and two bulky ends
    e. g. arm, leg
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32
Q

Short Bones

A
  • primarily spongey bone and thin layer of compact bone

- wrist and ankle

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33
Q

Flat Bones

A
  • thin, flattened and curved

- Cranium

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34
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • If not in any other classification
  • primarily spongey bone with thin layer of compact bone
  • vertebrae
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35
Q

Fibrous Joint

A
  • fixed joint
  • held in place by connective tissue
  • difficult to damage
  • e.g. skull/jaw
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36
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A
  • Held in place by cartilage
  • slight movement
  • e.g. ribs/vertebrae
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37
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • freely moveable
  • pivot
  • ball and socket
  • hinge
  • gliding
  • saddle
  • condyloid
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38
Q

Pivot Joint

A
  • rounded, pointed or conical end of one bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
  • e.g. radius and ulna (near hand) or neck
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39
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A
  • spherical head fits into a cup-like cavity of another

- e.g. shoulder or hip

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40
Q

Hinge Joint

A
  • like a hinge door

- e.g. knee, elbow

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41
Q

Gliding Joint

A
  • movement in any direction in a side-to-side or back-and-forth motion
  • found between carpal and tarsal bones
  • restricted by ligaments
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42
Q

Saddle Joint

A
  • two saddle shaped bones interlocking
  • thumbs
  • concave in one direction, convex in the other
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43
Q

Condyloid Joint

A
  • one surface is slightly convex which fits into a slightly concave
  • e.g. radius and carpals
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44
Q

Tendons

A
  • tough but flexible structure made of fibrous tissue that joins a bone to a muscle
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45
Q

Ligament

A
  • bands of connective tissue that link two or more bone
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46
Q

Muscular System

A
  • 650+ muscles

- work in pairs to provide movement

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47
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • found in heart
  • made of striated fibres
  • contracts involuntarily and rhythmically
  • resistance to fatigue
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48
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • involuntarily muscle
  • covers hollow walls of many organs e.g. oesophagus, stomach
  • contracts slowly
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49
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • striated or voluntary
  • attached bones by tendons
  • contraction quick
  • controlled
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50
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Protein that allow chemical reactions to take place at normal body temperature
  • reduces activation energy
  • enzyme and substrate have complimentary characteristics to one another
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51
Q

Factors effecting enzymes

A
  • Higher concentration = increased rate of reaction
  • Increasing substrate concentration = increases rate of reaction (due to more collisions)
  • Removing products (makes it difficult for substrate to contact with enzyme)
  • Increasing temp = increase rate of reaction
  • pH level (sensitive and only work in optimum conditions)
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52
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • mouth; food is broken down into smaller pieces
  • stomach; waves of muscular concentration that move along the stomach wall (contract until the food is converted to a thick soupy liquid)
  • small intestine
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53
Q

Teeth

A
  • Incisors (4); chisel-shaped, bitting and cutting
  • Canines (2); either side of incisor, tearing
  • Premolars (2); two on each side of the jaw
  • Molars (6); fit into each other, crushing and grinding food
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54
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes

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55
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Leucocytes

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56
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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57
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • have blood pressure that increases as the ventricles contract and decrease as the ventricles relax
  • thick, muscular, elastic walls
  • no valves
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58
Q

Veins

A
  • carry blood back to the hear
  • constant, relatively low blood pressure
  • thin, inelastic walls with little muscle
  • have valves
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59
Q

Capillaries

A
  • tiny vessels that carry blood between the cells
  • enables to get their requirements from the blood and to pass their waste into blood
  • walls only 1 cell thick so transport of substances is easier
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60
Q

ARTERIES

A

carry blood away from the heart to the body

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61
Q

PULMONARY ARTERY

A

blood to the lungs for gas exchange (deoxygenated)

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62
Q

AORTA

A

blood to the body cells (oxygenated

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63
Q

VEINS

A

carry blood to the heart from the body

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64
Q

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

A

bringing blood to the heart from the upper body (deoxygenated)

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65
Q

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

A

bringing blood to the heart from lower body (deoxygenated)

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66
Q

PULMONART VEIN

A

bringing blood to the heart from the lungs (oxygenated)

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67
Q

Ventricular Systole

A
  • Atria relax and refill while the ventricles relax
  • Forces blood into arteries
  • Both atria contract simultaneously, as do ventricles
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68
Q

Lymph Vessels

A
  • arterial end of blood capillary, fluid tends to leak out due to high pressure in the blood
  • collect fluid that escapes from blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system
  • leaked fluid is returned via lymphatic system
  • lymph does not circulate (ONE WAY SYSTEM)
  • permeable
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69
Q

MITOSIS STAGES

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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70
Q

Interphase

A

DNA molecules duplicate

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71
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nucleoli disappear
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • chromosomes appear as pairs of chromatids
  • spindle forms
72
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the spindle at the equator of the cell
73
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres divide

- Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the spindle

74
Q

Telophase

A
  • spindle disappears
  • nuclear membrane and nucleoli form
  • centrioles divide
  • chromosomes uncoil and disappear
  • cytokinesis begins
75
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm of the cell divides into two

- each have a new nucleus

76
Q

MEIOSIS STAGES

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II

(same thing as mitosis, just happens twice to get 4 daughter cells)
Crossing over of chromosomes

77
Q

Mitosis

A
  • One duplications of chromosomes and one nuclear division
  • Two diploid cells
  • Homologous chromosomes do not pair
  • Chromatids separate so that each new cell gets a complete set of daughter chromosomes
  • Chromosomes do not change their genetic make-up
  • Produces new cells for growth and repair
78
Q

Meiosis

A
  • One duplication of chromosomes and two nuclear divisions
  • Produces four haploid cells
  • Homologous chromosomes pair off
  • At first meiotic division, members of homologous pairs separate so that new cells get a haploid set of chromosomes
  • At second division, chromatids separate, giving four haploid cells
  • Genetic make-up of chromosomes can be changes through crossing over
  • Produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction
79
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A
  • composed of phospholipid molecules (lipid molecules containing a phosphate group)
  • arranged in bilayer
  • Hydrophilic (water-loving); head end
  • Hydrophobic (water-hating); tail end
  • Head outside, tail inside
80
Q

Pluripotent

A

form all the cell types in a body

81
Q

Omnipotent

A

differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types

82
Q

Multipotent

A

cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialised cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

83
Q

Totipotent

A

the egg cell in a woman and the sperm cell from a man fuse together to form a single cell called the zygote

84
Q

Diffusion

A
  • spreading out of particles so that they are evenly distributed over the space available
  • occurs because molecules are constantly moving (until they collide with container of another particle)
  • Molecules moving away from concentrated area experience fewer collisions than if it were moving to a higher concentrated area therefore they stay on their straight paths and move into areas where the concentration of molecules is lower
85
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • passive process which substances move with concentration gradient
  • molecule being transported attaches to binding site on the carrier protein
  • protein changes shape and the molecules is released on the other side
86
Q

1st stage of labour

A
  • dilation of cervix
  • contractions
  • 8 to 9 hours
87
Q

2nd stage of labour

A
  • delivery of the foetus

- 20 mins to 2 hours

88
Q

3rd stage of labour

A
  • delivery of placenta
89
Q

PATHWAY OF OXYGEN TO THE BODY

A 
- •	Air enters the nostrils
•	passes through the nasopharynx,
•	the oral pharynx
•	through the epiglottis
•	into the trachea
•	into the right and left bronchi, which branches and rebranches into
•	bronchioles, each of which terminates in a cluster of
•	alveoli
90
Q

Parts of a cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • centrioles
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • ribosomes
  • cytoskeleton
  • lysosome
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • golgi body
  • cell membrane
91
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

reactions in which small molecules are built up into larger ones
require energy

92
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

reactions in which in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
release energy

93
Q

Cellular respiration

A
  • metabolic process
  • organic molecules (taken in as food) broken down in the cells to release energy for the cell’s activity
  • glucose formed from breakdown of carbohydrates
  • amino acids formed from breakdown of proteins
  • fatty acids formed from breakdown of lipids
94
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

95
Q

Energy from cellular respiration

A
  • 60% of energy is released as heat
  • remaining energy is used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • energy is stored in the bond between the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and third triphosphate molecule
  • breaking this bond releases energy
96
Q

Anaerobic Respiration (RESPIRATION WITHOUT OXYGEN)

A
  • Production of lactic acid from glucose
  • glucose is broken down in 10 steps to 2 pyruvic acid molecules
  • no oxygen required in this initial breakdown, but if no oxygen is present the pruvic acid turns to lactic acid
  • glycolysis of one molecule of glucose releases enough energy to convert two molecules of ADP to ATP
  • important in physical activity when the respiratory and circulatory systems are unable to supply muscle cells with enough oxygen to meet demands
97
Q

Aerobic Respiration (RESPIRATION WITH OXYGEN)

A
  • complete break down of pyruvic acid from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and water
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • enzymes for this reaction are stored in inner membrane
  • two pyruvic acid molecules produced in glycolysis enter mitochondria
  • citric acid cycle occurs first (results in formation of two ATP molecules from two pyruvic acid)
  • electron transport system can produce up to 34 molecules of ATP from one molecule of glucose

AEROBIC RESPIRATION HAS POTENTIAL TO CREATE 38 MOLECULES OF ATP

  • 2 from glycolysis
  • 2 from citric acid cycle
  • 34 from electron transport system
98
Q

Percentage make-up of blood

A

55% - plasma

45% - red, white blood cells and platelets

99
Q

Transport of oxygen in blood

A
  • combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

- occurs in capillaries in the lungs (alveoli) where it diffuses

100
Q

Why are red blood cells suited to carrying oxygen?

A
  • contain haemoglobin
  • have no nucleus, so there is more room for haemoglobin
  • shaped like biconcave - increases surface area for oxygen exchange
101
Q

Transport of carbon dioxide in blood

A
  • combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
102
Q

Pericardium

A

membrane that holds heart in place but allows it to move as it beats

103
Q

What do valves do in the heart?

A
  • ensure blood can only flows in one direction

- atrioventricular valves (between atria and ventricles)

104
Q

The cardiac cylce

A

Systole: pumping phase of the cycle (when heart contracts)
Diastole: filling phase of the cycle (when the hear relaxes
Atrial systole: the contraction of the atria, then follows and forces remaining blood into ventricles
Ventricular systole: atria relax, ventricles contract, forces blood into arteries

105
Q

Blood Group A

A 
Antigen = A
Antibody = Anti-B
106
Q

Blood Group B

A 
Antigen =  B
Antibody = Anti-A
107
Q

Blood Group AB

A 
Antigen = A and B
Antibody = neither anti-A nor anti-B
108
Q

Blood Group B

A 
Antigen = Neither A or B
Antibody = Anti-A and anti-B
109
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • filters, warms and moistens air

- traps dust and dirt

110
Q

Pharynx

A
  • air travels through from nasal cavity
111
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • closes off trachea so food and liquid cannot enter lungs
112
Q

Larynx

A
  • contains vocal cords

- air passes through on way to lungs

113
Q

Trachea

A
  • carries air to and from lungs
  • mucous lining and cilia
  • cilia beat to move trapped mucus and particles upwards
114
Q

Bronchi

A
  • branch into each lung
115
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • fine tables with walls of smooth muscle
116
Q

Alveoli

A
  • clusters
  • thin walled
  • well supplied with capillaries
  • gaseous exchange
117
Q

Inspiration

A
  • decrease of pressure of air in the lungs
  • achieved by increasing volume of lungs
  • ribs move upwards and outwards
  • diaphragm flattens (contracts)
118
Q

Expiration

A
  • diaphragm bulges (relaxes)

- rib cage moves downwards

119
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

gases move from high concentration to lower concentration

OCCURS IN ALVEOLI WITH CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN

120
Q

Concentration gradient maintained in the alveoli by…

A
  • keeping a continuous flow of blood in the capillaries

- continuous flow of air in the alveoli

121
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A
  • pairs of muscles that act in opposite directions and work together to perform tasks (as one relaxes, the other contracts)
  • e.g. triceps and biceps
122
Q

Origin

A

end of muscle fixed to stationary bone

123
Q

Insertion

A

end of muscle fixed to moveable bone

124
Q

Contraception

Condom (male)

A
  • Made of thin latex rubber
    Rolled onto erect penis before sex
  • Effective on preventing semen entering vagina
  • Provides protection from STI such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B
125
Q

Contraception

Diaphragm

A
  • Made of thin rubber cap
  • Fits over top of vagina
  • Used with spermicidal cream or jelly to increase effectiveness
126
Q

Contraception

Combined Pill

A
  • Contains 2 substances similar to oestrogen and progesterone
  • Taken daily for first 21 days
  • Prevents release of mature egg, causes cervical mucus to become thick and sticky so that it is difficult for sperm to travel through vagina, and also alters the lining of uterus, so the uterus becomes less receptive to implantation of embryo
  • Protects the female from unwanted pregnancy if taken daily
  • If missed for more than 2 days, the hormone levels drop = no protection
127
Q

Contraception

Nuva-Ring

A
  • Soft ring of plastic
  • Placed in vagina, left for 3 weeks, and taken out for 1 week
  • Small of two hormones are released to prevent ovulation
  • Mucus of cervix thickens and changes the lining of uterus
  • Same hormones as combined pill but doesn’t need remembering to be taken
  • Has same side effects
  • Oestrogen causes side effects
128
Q

Contraception

Rhythm Method

A
  • An egg is available for fertilisation during a period of 3-5 days in menstrual cycle of 28 days.
  • Ovulation is less likely to occur on 14th day if the female has regular 28-day cycle.
  • Sexual intercourse should not occur between 4 days before and after ovulation.
  • More time should be allowed, since not everytime ovulation occurs at 14th day.
129
Q

Contraception

Cervical Cap

A
  • Made of rubber cap

- Fits over the cervix, with flat end inside (into the uterine cavity).

130
Q

Contraception

Nuva-Ring

A
  • Soft ring of plastic
  • Placed in vagina, left for 3 weeks, and taken out for 1 week
  • Small of two hormones are released to prevent ovulation
  • Mucus of cervix thickens and changes the lining of uterus
  • Same hormones as combined pill but doesn’t need remembering to be taken
  • Has same side effects
  • Oestrogen causes side effects
131
Q

STI

Aids

A

HIV virus causes AIDS

132
Q

STI

Chlamydia

A

Caused by bacterium; most commonly reported; often no symptoms in female

133
Q

STI

Genital Warts

A

Caused by HPV; not everyone infected has symptoms

134
Q

STI

Syphilis

A

Caused by bacteria; decreasing in women but increasing in males who have sex with other males

135
Q

STI

Herpes

A
  • Caused by viruses; type I causes cold sores;

- type II commonly known as genital herpes; may be passed from mother to child during childbirth

136
Q

STI

Pubic Lice

A

Parasitic infestation; commonly called crabs

137
Q

STI

Syphilis

A

Caused by bacteria; decreasing in women but increasing in males who have sex with other males

138
Q

STI

Trichomoniasis

A

Caused by protozoan parasite; also called trichomonas infection or “trich”

139
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • environmental factors affect epigenetic changes that are inherited by offspring
  • actions determine what genes are ‘expressed’ or ‘switched on’ in offspring
140
Q

Male Reproductive System

Vans deferens

A

The tube that carries the sperm away from the testis

141
Q

Male Reproductive System

Seminal Vesicle

A

A pair of pouch-like structures that secrete a thick fluid which is a major part of semen

142
Q

Male Reproductive System

Prostate Gland

A

A single gland that surrounds the urethra just below the bladder; it secretes a fluid that becomes part of the semen

143
Q

Male Reproductive System

Epididymis

A

A highly folded tubule behind each testis in which the sperm mature

144
Q

Male Reproductive System

Scrotum

A

The pouch outside the abdominal cavity in with the testes are located

145
Q

Male Reproductive System

Testis

A

The male sex organ that produces sperm and the hormone testosterone

146
Q

Male Reproductive System

Foreskin

A

The loose skin covering the end of the penis

147
Q

Male/Female Reproductive System

Urethra

A

The duct that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior

148
Q

Male Reproductive System

Erectile tissue

A

Spongy tissue in the penis which fills with blood to bring about erection

149
Q

Male Reproductive System

Seminiferous tubule

A

A tightly coiled duct, located in the testis, where sperm are produced

150
Q

Infertility Men

Erectile Dysfunction

A
  • Disorder in which erection cannot be achieved or maintained
  • 50% of males between 40 and 70 have some degree of ED
151
Q

Infertility Women

Endometriosis

A

Tissues of uterine lining growing outside of the uterus

152
Q

Infertility WOmen

Fibroids

A

Benign tumors in the uterine wall; affect 25% of women in their 30s and 40s

153
Q

Infertility Women

Ovarian Cancer

A

Considered more deadly than other types; detection difficult and often spreads before detection

154
Q

Infertility Men

Low or Absent Sperm Count

A

Minimal amount of active sperm

155
Q

Infertility

Men and Women

A
  • Inadequate diet

- little exercise

156
Q

Reproductive Technology

GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT) (UTERUS)

A
  • Eggs collected from the ovaries of female or the fallopian tube and are mixed with sperm.
  • Resulted mixture is injected into females uterus.
  • GIFT allows the egg and sperm to mix naturally and to be fertilised.
  • Any fertilised eggs are passed down the fallopian tube, towards the uterus, ready for implantation (pregnancy)
  • In this technique, a woman required to take fertility drug that increased the number of eggs released.
  • Is increases chance for the sperm to fertilise an egg.
  • Other variations include, freezing the sperm and egg mixture to be used at a later date.
157
Q

Reproductive Technology

ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT) (FALLOPIAN TUBES)

A
  • Infertility treatment used when a blockage in the fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the egg.
  • Egg cells are removed from a woman’s ovaries, and in vitro fertilised.
  • The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the use of laparoscopy.
158
Q

Reproductive Technology

INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTIONS (ICSI)

A
  • Mans sperm count very low.
  • Single sperm injected into single egg, and as a result an embryo is formed.
  • The embryo is then transplanted into the women uterus.
  • can increase risk of birth defect.
159
Q

Female Reproductive System

Uterus

A

The hollow, pear-shaped organ situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum in females

160
Q

Female Reproductive System

Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube

A

The tube that carries the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

161
Q

Female Reproductive System

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like projections of the uterine tube

162
Q

Female Reproductive System

Ovary

A

The organ in which female gametes are produced

163
Q

Female Reproductive System

Cervix

A

The neck of the uterus, leading into vagina

164
Q

Female Reproductive System

Vagina

A

The canal leading from the uterus to the exterior of the female body

165
Q

Female Reproductive System

Labia minora/Labia majora

A

The fleshy fold of skin lining the opening of the vagina and urethra

166
Q

Female Reproductive System

Clitoris

A

The erectile organ of the female

167
Q

Female Reproductive System

Endometrium

A

The soft mucous lining of the uterus

168
Q

Female Reproductive System

Follicle

A

A layer of cells enclosing a germ cell in the ovary

169
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

TARGET ORGAN: Seminiferous Tubule of testis

A

EFFECT:

production of sperm

170
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

TARGET ORGAN: follicles of ovaries

A

EFFECT:

maturation of ovarian follicle

171
Q

Luteinising Hormone

TARGET ORGAN: Interstitial cells of testes

A

EFFECT:

stimulates secretion of testosterone

172
Q

Luteinising Hormone

TARGET ORGAN: Cells of the ovaries

A

EFFECT:

Stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

173
Q

Oestrogen

A

EFFECT:

Development of female reproductive system

174
Q

Testosterone

A

EFFECT:

Development of male reproductive system

175
Q

Progesterone

TARGET ORGAN: Uterus

A

EFFECT:

Maintenance of endometrium

Human Biology ATAR 11 (10 decks)

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