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Human Biology ATAR 11 > Cells Test 1 > Flashcards

Cells Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Biological Science

A

scientific study of humans, both as individuals and as populations and the study of the interaction between humans and their environment

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

cells are the building blocks that make up all living organisms

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

structure that surrounds to cell and forms the outer boundary of the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

thick fluid that fills the inside of the cell and suspends structures within it

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5
Q

Organelles

A

structures suspened in cytoplasm that carry out particular functions

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

the liquid part of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

internal scaffalding of protein fibres within the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Centrioles

A

The cylindrical structures that are involved in the reproduction of the cell

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9
Q

ER

A

The parallel membranes, which connect the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane. It provides a surface for chemical reactions to take place. The channels between the paired membranes are used for storage or transport. Smooth/agranular (no ribosomes), Rough/granular (ribosomes)

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small spheres that join amino acids together to make proteins

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small spheres that contain enzymes. It breaks down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates; breaks down unwanted substances.

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material; DNA

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13
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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14
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

The gaps in the nuclear membrane

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains RNA

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16
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

The jelly like substance where DNA and nucleus are stored

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17
Q

Mitochondira

A

Spherical or elongated structures that release energy for the cell through respiration

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18
Q

Golgi Body

A

Spherical or elongated structures that release energy for the cell through respiration

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19
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Is the immediate environment of a cell that surrounds it. This is also known as extracellular fluid

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body systems that work together to make sure that the cellular environment is kept constant. Maintained at a constant temperature and concentration of fluids

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21
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

current model of cell membrane

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22
Q

Phospholipid

A

lipid molecules containing a phosphate group

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23
Q

Bilayer

A

two layers of phospholipid

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24
Q

Hyrdophilic

A

the head of the phospholipid (water-loving)

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25
Q

Hydrophobic

A

the tail of the phospholipid (water-hating)

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26
Q

Phosopholipid Arrangement

A

head outside, tail inside

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27
Q

Channel Proteins

A

from channel through membrane to allow ions, water and molecules pass

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28
Q

Relationship between surface area and volume

A

As the volume decrease, surface area : volume ratio increases

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29
Q

Functions of a cell

A
  • a physical barrier
  • regulation of the passage of materials
  • sensitivity
  • support
30
Q

Membrane proteins

A
  • receptor proteins
  • channel proteins
  • carrier proteins
  • cell-identity markers
31
Q

Transport within cells

A

passive and active process

32
Q

Differentially permeable

A

Allows certain ions and molecules to pass through, but restrict the movement of others.

33
Q

Passive processes

A

cell’s energy, which comes from respiration, does not have to be used

34
Q

Active processes

A

requires the cell’s energy for the transfer to occur

35
Q

Diffusion

A

the spreading out of particles so that they are evenly distributes over the space available

36
Q

Concerntration gradient or diffusion gradient

A

the difference in concerntration that brings about diffusion

37
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules through a differentially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration

38
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure due to different concentrations on either side of differentially permeable membrane

39
Q

Carrier-meditated transport

A

transport of ions/molecules across a cell membrane

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

carrier proteins assist the movement of substances through a cell membrane

41
Q

Active Transport

A

Use of energy to move substances across a cell

42
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

transport of materials into or out of a cell membrane in membrane-bound sacs

43
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs

44
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell takes in materials by enfolding/enclosing

45
Q

Pinocytosis

A

taking in liquids into cell

46
Q

Phagocytosis

A

taking in solid particles into cell

47
Q

Exocytosis

A

Contents of vesicles are pushed out through membrane

48
Q

Differentiation

A

unspecialised cells develop special characteristics to suit particular functions

49
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that are similar in function and structure

50
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues working together

51
Q

System

A

Group of organs working together in a common function

52
Q

Organism

A

A living thing

53
Q

Epithelium tissue

A

covering or lining tissue
eg.
lining of lung, stomach, intestine, heart,kidneys,mouth

54
Q

Connective Tissue

A

provide support for the body and holds body parts together

eg. cartilage, blood in blood vessels, holds organs in positions, fat storage, bone, ligament

55
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

skeletal - muscles in arms and legs
involuntary - involuntary muscles
cardiac - heart

56
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Made up of neurones

eg. brain, spinal cord

57
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism

58
Q

Catabolism

A

Chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, with release of energy

59
Q

Anabolism/synthesis

A

Combining smaller molecules to make larger ones; requires energy

60
Q

Organic compounds

A

contains carbon

carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

61
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

doesn’t contain carbon

water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, minerals

62
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at normal body temperature

63
Q

Activation energy

A

energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

64
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule upon which enzymes act

65
Q

Cellular respiration

A

organic molecules, taken in as foods, are broken down in the cells to release energy for the cell’s activities. supplies energy

66
Q

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen > CO2 + H20 + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

67
Q

Glycosis

A

First phase of breaking down glucose

68
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen

69
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

respiration requiring oxygen; 38 molecules

70
Q

citric acid cycle

A

formation of two or more ATP molecules from the two pyruvic acid molecules

71
Q

electron transport system

A

produce up to 34 molecules of ATP. from the product of one molecule of glucose

72
Q

nutrients

A 
any substance in foods that is used for growth, repair or maintaining of the body
water
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
minerals
vitamins

Human Biology ATAR 11 (10 decks)

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