Reproduction (2) Flashcards
The Ovarian Cycle
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovaries that make pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy
Menstruation
1-4 days
uterine bleeding, accompanied by shedding of the endometrium
Preovulation
5-12 days
endometrial repair begins; development of ovarian follicle; uterine lining gradually thickens
Ovulation
13-15 days
rupture of mature follicle; releasing egg
Secretion
16-20 days
secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes; movement and breakdown of unfertilised egg; development of corpus luteum
Premenstration
21-28 days
degeneration of corpus lute; deterioration of endometrium
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target organ: -seminiferous tubules of testes -follicles of ovaries Effect on hormone: -production of sperm -maturation of ovarian follicles
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Target organ:
-corpus luteum
Effect on hormone:
-maintenance of corpus luteum during early stages of pregnancy
Lactogenic hormone (prolactin)
Target organ:
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-production of milk in activated glands
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Target organ: -interstitial cells of testes -cells of ovaries Effect on hormone: -stimulates secretion of testosterone -stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone
Oestrogen
Target organ:
-various
Effect on hormone:
-development of female reproductive system
-development of secondary sexual characteristics
Oxytocin
Target organ: -uterus -breasts Effect on hormone: -stimulates contraction of smooth muscle -promotes contraction of muscle cells surrounding breast lobules
Progesterone
Target organ: -uterus -placenta -breasts Effect on hormone: -maintenance of endometrium -development and maintenance of placenta -development of milk-secreting glands
Testosterone
Target organ: -various Effect on hormone: -development of male reproductive system -development of secondary sexual characteristics
Ultrasound
uses inaudible, high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of the foetus
probe placed on stomach - sound waves reflected
Chromosome Analysis
chromosomes analysed to detect defective, missing or additional chromosomes
removal of 10-20mL of amniotic fluid to examine biochemical defects or abnormalities
RISK OF INFECTION, MISCARRIAGE OR DAMAGE TO BABY
Fetoscopy
looking directly at the foetus through a small, telescope-like instrument
introduces into uterus through abdominal wall
Foetal Blood Sampling
sample of foetal blood is extracted from umbilical cord using fine needle
Foetal monitoring
regular recording of a baby’s heart rate
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY - procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart
biochemical analysis
assessment of marker proteins
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) - testing blood for excessive amounts of phenylalanine or by analysing urine for phenylpyruvic acid
concentration high when foetus has malformation of the spinal cord
DNA probes
something
In vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
procedure whereby an egg (or more than one egg) is retrieved from the body of a woman and combined with sperm outside the body to achieve fertilisation. If fertilisation is successful and the fertilised egg continues to develop to form an embryo, the embryo is subsequently transferred back into the uterus/ fallopian tube of a woman with the aim of achieving a pregnancy. If many embryos develop some of the surplus embryos may be frozen and used later
Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman’s fallopian tube. Fertilization occurs in the woman’s body. Few practices offer GIFT as an option.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg as opposed to “conventional” fertilization where the egg and sperm are placed in a petri dish together and the sperm fertilizes an egg on its own.
ZIFT
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or tubal embryo transfer. This is similar to IVF. Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
Lactational amenorrhoea
DISADVANTAGE
relies on fully breastfeeding a child; effectively only with no menstruation and within first six months of birth
condom
ADVANTAGE
easy to buy; cheap; protects STIS
DISADVANTAGE
may affect spontaneity
diaphragm
ADVANTAGE
doesn’t affect menstrual cycle; used during menstruation; inserted ahead of time
DISADVANTAGE
difficult/unpleasant to insert; spermicide must be used to improve reliability
cervical cap
ADVANTAGE
doesn’t affect menstrual cycle; used during menstruation; inserted ahead of time
DISADVANTAGE
difficult/unpleasant to insert; spermicide must be used to improve reliability
femidom
ADVANTAGE
may be put in place long before intercourse; stronger than males; protection against STIs
DISADVANTAGE
placement needs practice; more expensive than males
spermicides
ADVANTAGE
easy to use
DISADVATAGE
unreliable on their own; no protection against STIs
combined pill
ADVANTAGE
reliable; regular periods; reduced incidence of ovarian/uterine cancer
DISADVANTAGE
regular prescription required; taken daily; side effects
IUDS
ADVANTAGE
effective; long lasting; easily reversed; once in place can be forgotten
DISADVANTAGE
must be inserted by doctor; can because pain and bleeding at menstruation; no protection against STI
morning-after pill
ADVANTAGE useful when other methods failed; fairly effective; available over counter DISADVANTAGE no protection from STIs 72 hours from intercourse
Mini pill
ADVANTAGE
reliable if taken carefully
DISADVANTAGE
must be taken at same time every day
Implanon
ADVANTAGE
lasts 3 yrs; cheap; 100% effective
DISADVANTAGE
because menstural irregularities
Depo-provera and depo-ralovera
ADVANTAGE
effective; convenient; periods cease
DISADVANTAGE
injection cannot be reverse; delay in return to fertility when injections cease
NuvaRing
ADVANTAGE
daily pill not required
DISADVANTAGE
regular placement and removal required
tubal ligation, essure and vasectomy
ADVANTAGE
permanent
DISADVANTAGE
not easily reversed; no protection against STIs
syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmissible infection (STI) that can be easily treated. Syphilis may have no symptoms, so regular sexual health check-ups are recommended for people at risk. Currently, these include men who have sex with men, and people who have sex in countries where there are high rates of syphilis. Condoms and dams reduce the risk
SYMPTOMS
may not be noticed; in the mouth, rectum or on the vagina or cervix
is usually painless
appears three to four weeks after infection – however, it can occur any time between one and 12 weeks after infection
usually, the sore heals completely within four weeks
a flat, red skin rash on the soles of the feet or palms of the hands, or it may cover the entire body. The rash is contagious and may mimic other common skin conditions such as measles. The diagnosis may be missed if a syphilis blood test is not done
swollen lymph nodes
non-specific symptoms and may include hair loss, pain in the joints or flu-like illness
TREATMENT
Penicillin
CAUSES
caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. It can affect both men and women. Syphilis is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact and is highly contagious when the syphilis sore (chancre) or rash is presen
herpes
SYMPTOMS
flu-like symptoms – such as feeling unwell, headaches and pains in the back and legs, with or without enlarged glands in the groin
small blisters around the genitals – these break open to form shallow, painful ulcers, which scab over and heal after one to two weeks
small cracks in the skin with or without an itch or tingling
redness or a distinct rash
that some people also have considerable pain and swelling in the genital area, and may have additional pain and difficulty passing urine
TREATMENT
no treatment
salt baths
ice packs to the affected area
pain-relieving medication – such as paracetamol
antiviral medication – such as Acyclovir, Famciclovir and Valaciclovir. These can reduce the severity of an episode if taken early enough (preferably as soon as you become aware of any symptoms appearing). Topical antivirals usually used for cold sores on the lips or face are not appropriate for use on the genitals
CAUSES
herpes simplex virus (HSV1 or HSV2). The virus can be spread during vaginal, oral or anal sex
chlamydia
Chlamydia is a sexually transmissible infection (STI) that can affect women and men. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can lead to chronic pain and infertility. Chlamydia may have no symptoms. It can be easily treated with antibiotics
SYMPTOMS(WOMAN) an unusual vaginal discharge a burning feeling when urinating pain during sex bleeding or spotting between periods or bleeding after sex lower abdominal pain SYMPTOMS (MALE) discharge from the penis discomfort when urinating swollen and sore testes. TREATMENT antibiotics CAUSES bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and is a very common
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
SYMPTOMS
flu-like symptoms
extreme and constant tiredness
fevers, chills and night sweats
rapid weight loss for no known reason
swollen lymph glands in the neck, underarm or groin area
white spots or unusual marks in the mouth
skin marks or bumps, either raised or flat, usually painless and purplish
continuous coughing or a dry cough
diarrhoea
decreased appetite
TREATMENT
Medications for HIV offer many people the chance to control the virus and stay healthy for much longer. Treatment options have had a huge impact on the lives of people with HIV and those who care for them. They can reduce AIDS-related illnesses, admissions to hospital and death rates. Treatment has also enabled some people with HIV to go back to work and plan for the future.
CAUSES
gonorrhoea
dunno
