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human biology atar 11 > Reproduction (2) > Flashcards

Reproduction (2) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

The Ovarian Cycle

A

The menstrual cycle is the regular natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovaries that make pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy

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2
Q

Menstruation

A

1-4 days

uterine bleeding, accompanied by shedding of the endometrium

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3
Q

Preovulation

A

5-12 days

endometrial repair begins; development of ovarian follicle; uterine lining gradually thickens

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4
Q

Ovulation

A

13-15 days

rupture of mature follicle; releasing egg

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5
Q

Secretion

A

16-20 days
secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes; movement and breakdown of unfertilised egg; development of corpus luteum

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6
Q

Premenstration

A

21-28 days

degeneration of corpus lute; deterioration of endometrium

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7
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A 
Target organ:
-seminiferous tubules of testes
-follicles of ovaries
Effect on hormone:
-production of sperm
-maturation of ovarian follicles
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8
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

Target organ:
-corpus luteum
Effect on hormone:
-maintenance of corpus luteum during early stages of pregnancy

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9
Q

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin)

A

Target organ:
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-production of milk in activated glands

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10
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A 
Target organ:
-interstitial cells of testes
-cells of ovaries
Effect on hormone:
-stimulates secretion of testosterone
-stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone
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11
Q

Oestrogen

A

Target organ:
-various
Effect on hormone:
-development of female reproductive system
-development of secondary sexual characteristics

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12
Q

Oxytocin

A 
Target organ:
-uterus
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-stimulates contraction of smooth muscle
-promotes contraction of muscle cells surrounding breast lobules
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13
Q

Progesterone

A 
Target organ:
-uterus
-placenta
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-maintenance of endometrium
-development and maintenance of placenta
-development of milk-secreting glands
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14
Q

Testosterone

A 
Target organ:
-various
Effect on hormone:
-development of male reproductive system
-development of secondary sexual characteristics
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15
Q

Ultrasound

A

uses inaudible, high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of the foetus
probe placed on stomach - sound waves reflected

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16
Q

Chromosome Analysis

A

chromosomes analysed to detect defective, missing or additional chromosomes
removal of 10-20mL of amniotic fluid to examine biochemical defects or abnormalities
RISK OF INFECTION, MISCARRIAGE OR DAMAGE TO BABY

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17
Q

Fetoscopy

A

looking directly at the foetus through a small, telescope-like instrument
introduces into uterus through abdominal wall

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18
Q

Foetal Blood Sampling

A

sample of foetal blood is extracted from umbilical cord using fine needle

19
Q

Foetal monitoring

A

regular recording of a baby’s heart rate

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY - procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart

20
Q

biochemical analysis

A

assessment of marker proteins
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) - testing blood for excessive amounts of phenylalanine or by analysing urine for phenylpyruvic acid
concentration high when foetus has malformation of the spinal cord

21
Q

DNA probes

A

something

22
Q

In vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

A

procedure whereby an egg (or more than one egg) is retrieved from the body of a woman and combined with sperm outside the body to achieve fertilisation. If fertilisation is successful and the fertilised egg continues to develop to form an embryo, the embryo is subsequently transferred back into the uterus/ fallopian tube of a woman with the aim of achieving a pregnancy. If many embryos develop some of the surplus embryos may be frozen and used later

23
Q

Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)

A

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman’s fallopian tube. Fertilization occurs in the woman’s body. Few practices offer GIFT as an option.

24
Q

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A

In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg as opposed to “conventional” fertilization where the egg and sperm are placed in a petri dish together and the sperm fertilizes an egg on its own.

25
Q

ZIFT

A

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or tubal embryo transfer. This is similar to IVF. Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

26
Q

Lactational amenorrhoea

A

DISADVANTAGE

relies on fully breastfeeding a child; effectively only with no menstruation and within first six months of birth

27
Q

condom

A

ADVANTAGE
easy to buy; cheap; protects STIS
DISADVANTAGE
may affect spontaneity

28
Q

diaphragm

A

ADVANTAGE
doesn’t affect menstrual cycle; used during menstruation; inserted ahead of time
DISADVANTAGE
difficult/unpleasant to insert; spermicide must be used to improve reliability

29
Q

cervical cap

A

ADVANTAGE
doesn’t affect menstrual cycle; used during menstruation; inserted ahead of time
DISADVANTAGE
difficult/unpleasant to insert; spermicide must be used to improve reliability

30
Q

femidom

A

ADVANTAGE
may be put in place long before intercourse; stronger than males; protection against STIs
DISADVANTAGE
placement needs practice; more expensive than males

31
Q

spermicides

A

ADVANTAGE
easy to use
DISADVATAGE
unreliable on their own; no protection against STIs

32
Q

combined pill

A

ADVANTAGE
reliable; regular periods; reduced incidence of ovarian/uterine cancer
DISADVANTAGE
regular prescription required; taken daily; side effects

33
Q

IUDS

A

ADVANTAGE
effective; long lasting; easily reversed; once in place can be forgotten
DISADVANTAGE
must be inserted by doctor; can because pain and bleeding at menstruation; no protection against STI

34
Q

morning-after pill

A 
ADVANTAGE
useful when other methods failed; fairly effective; available over counter
DISADVANTAGE
no protection from STIs
72 hours from intercourse
35
Q

Mini pill

A

ADVANTAGE
reliable if taken carefully
DISADVANTAGE
must be taken at same time every day

36
Q

Implanon

A

ADVANTAGE
lasts 3 yrs; cheap; 100% effective
DISADVANTAGE
because menstural irregularities

37
Q

Depo-provera and depo-ralovera

A

ADVANTAGE
effective; convenient; periods cease
DISADVANTAGE
injection cannot be reverse; delay in return to fertility when injections cease

38
Q

NuvaRing

A

ADVANTAGE
daily pill not required
DISADVANTAGE
regular placement and removal required

39
Q

tubal ligation, essure and vasectomy

A

ADVANTAGE
permanent
DISADVANTAGE
not easily reversed; no protection against STIs

40
Q

syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmissible infection (STI) that can be easily treated. Syphilis may have no symptoms, so regular sexual health check-ups are recommended for people at risk. Currently, these include men who have sex with men, and people who have sex in countries where there are high rates of syphilis. Condoms and dams reduce the risk

A

SYMPTOMS
may not be noticed; in the mouth, rectum or on the vagina or cervix
is usually painless
appears three to four weeks after infection – however, it can occur any time between one and 12 weeks after infection
usually, the sore heals completely within four weeks
a flat, red skin rash on the soles of the feet or palms of the hands, or it may cover the entire body. The rash is contagious and may mimic other common skin conditions such as measles. The diagnosis may be missed if a syphilis blood test is not done
swollen lymph nodes
non-specific symptoms and may include hair loss, pain in the joints or flu-like illness
TREATMENT
Penicillin
CAUSES
caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. It can affect both men and women. Syphilis is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact and is highly contagious when the syphilis sore (chancre) or rash is presen

41
Q

herpes

A

SYMPTOMS
flu-like symptoms – such as feeling unwell, headaches and pains in the back and legs, with or without enlarged glands in the groin
small blisters around the genitals – these break open to form shallow, painful ulcers, which scab over and heal after one to two weeks
small cracks in the skin with or without an itch or tingling
redness or a distinct rash
that some people also have considerable pain and swelling in the genital area, and may have additional pain and difficulty passing urine
TREATMENT
no treatment
salt baths
ice packs to the affected area
pain-relieving medication – such as paracetamol
antiviral medication – such as Acyclovir, Famciclovir and Valaciclovir. These can reduce the severity of an episode if taken early enough (preferably as soon as you become aware of any symptoms appearing). Topical antivirals usually used for cold sores on the lips or face are not appropriate for use on the genitals
CAUSES
herpes simplex virus (HSV1 or HSV2). The virus can be spread during vaginal, oral or anal sex

42
Q

chlamydia
Chlamydia is a sexually transmissible infection (STI) that can affect women and men. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can lead to chronic pain and infertility. Chlamydia may have no symptoms. It can be easily treated with antibiotics

A 
SYMPTOMS(WOMAN)
an unusual vaginal discharge
a burning feeling when urinating
pain during sex
bleeding or spotting between periods or bleeding after sex
lower abdominal pain
SYMPTOMS (MALE)
 discharge from the penis
discomfort when urinating
swollen and sore testes.
TREATMENT
antibiotics
CAUSES
bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and is a very common
43
Q

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

A

SYMPTOMS
flu-like symptoms
extreme and constant tiredness
fevers, chills and night sweats
rapid weight loss for no known reason
swollen lymph glands in the neck, underarm or groin area
white spots or unusual marks in the mouth
skin marks or bumps, either raised or flat, usually painless and purplish
continuous coughing or a dry cough
diarrhoea
decreased appetite
TREATMENT
Medications for HIV offer many people the chance to control the virus and stay healthy for much longer. Treatment options have had a huge impact on the lives of people with HIV and those who care for them. They can reduce AIDS-related illnesses, admissions to hospital and death rates. Treatment has also enabled some people with HIV to go back to work and plan for the future.
CAUSES

44
Q

gonorrhoea

A

dunno

human biology atar 11 (10 decks)

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