Semester 1 Lecture 4 Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards
Describe the risk factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes.
Risk factors include being over 40 years of age, Asian and African-Caribbean individuals over 25 years, a history of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, family history of Type 2 Diabetes, being overweight, and leading a sedentary lifestyle.
Define the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes.
Type 2 Diabetes involves relative insulin deficiency and insensitivity to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
How is Type 2 Diabetes diagnosed?
Type 2 Diabetes is diagnosed through testing such as random plasma glucose levels over 11.1mmol/l, fasting plasma glucose levels over 7.0mmol/l, oral glucose tolerance test results over 11.1mmol/l, and HbA1c levels over 48mmol/mol.
What are some common symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?
Common symptoms include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria, especially at night), extreme tiredness, weight loss, blurred vision, slow healing of wounds, and erectile dysfunction.
Describe the first-line and second-line treatments for Type 2 Diabetes.
First-line treatment often involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, while second-line treatments may include oral medications or insulin therapy if lifestyle changes are insufficient to control blood sugar levels.
Describe the mechanism of action of biguanides like metformin in the treatment of diabetes.
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and inhibits intestinal absorption of glucose.
What is the primary effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes?
SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to the excretion of excess glucose in the urine.
How do sulfonylureas work in the management of diabetes?
Sulfonylureas stimulate beta-cell insulin secretion, requiring residual beta-cell activity to reduce blood sugar levels.
What are some common side effects associated with sulfonylureas in diabetes treatment?
Common side effects of sulfonylureas include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
What are some potential benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes management?
SGLT2 inhibitors may promote weight loss, improve cardiovascular outcomes, and reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease.
