Lecture 20 Menopause Flashcards
Describe natural menopause.
Natural menopause occurs after 12 consecutive months without menstruation, with no other obvious cause, and without clinical intervention.
What are some symptoms of menopause?
Symptoms include hot flushes, night sweats, anxiety, mood swings, cognitive impairment, urogenital symptoms, altered sexual function, sleep disturbance, joint and muscle pains, headaches, and fatigue.
What are some non-hormonal pharmacological management options for menopause?
Options include antidepressants, gabapentin, clonidine, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), vaginal moisturizers, and vaginal lubricants.
What is the recommended hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for women with a uterus during menopause?
Women with a uterus are recommended combination therapy to prevent endometrial hyperplasia.
What is the recommended HRT for women without a uterus during menopause?
Women without a uterus are recommended estrogen-only therapy.
What are the risks associated with HRT during menopause?
There is an increased risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer with HRT.
How does transdermal delivery of estrogen differ from oral intake during menopause?
Transdermal delivery avoids the first-pass metabolism effect on the liver.
Why are bio-identical hormones not recommended for menopause treatment?
Bio-identical hormones are unregulated, hence not recommended for menopause treatment.
What are vaginal estrogen products useful for during menopause?
Vaginal estrogen products are useful for vaginal and urinary tract symptoms but do not relieve vasomotor symptoms.
How can menopause symptoms be managed without medication?
Symptoms can be managed through lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, good sleep habits, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, seeking occupational health advice, considering contraception, and participating in screening programs.
Explain the risks associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during menopause.
HRT is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer.
